•Directory trees containing an OS, including the top-level directories /usr/, /etc/, and so on.

•btrfs subvolumes containing OS trees, similar to normal directory trees.

•Binary "raw" disk images containing MBR or GPT partition tables and Linux file system partitions. (These must be regular files, with the .raw suffix.)

List available portable service images. This will list all portable service images discovered in the portable image search paths (see below), along with brief metadata and state information. Note that many of the commands below may both operate on images inside and outside of the search paths. This command is hence mostly a convenience option, the commands are generally not restricted to what this list shows.

Added in version 239.

Attach a portable service image to the host system. Expects a file system path to a portable service image file or directory as first argument. If the specified path contains no slash character ("/") it is understood as image filename that is searched for in the portable service image search paths (see below). To reference a file in the current working directory prefix the filename with "./" to avoid this search path logic.

When a portable service is attached four operations are executed:

By default, all unit files whose names start with a prefix generated from the image's file name are copied out. Specifically, the prefix is determined from the image file name with any suffix such as .raw removed, truncated at the first occurrence of an underscore character ("_"), if there is one. The underscore logic is supposed to be used to versioning so that the an image file foobar_47.11.raw will result in a unit file matching prefix of foobar. This prefix is then compared with all unit files names contained in the image in the usual directories, but only unit file names where the prefix is followed by "-", "." or "@" are considered. Example: if a portable service image file is named foobar_47.11.raw then by default all its unit files with names such as foobar-quux-waldi.service, foobar.service or foobar@.service will be considered. It's possible to override the matching prefix: all strings listed on the command line after the image file name are considered prefixes, overriding the implicit logic where the prefix is derived from the image file name.

By default, after the unit files are attached the service manager's configuration is reloaded, except when --no-reload is specified (see below). This ensures that the new units made available to the service manager are seen by it.

If --now and/or --enable are passed, the portable services are immediately started (blocking operation unless --no-block is passed) and/or enabled after attaching the image.

In place of the image path a ".v/" versioned directory may be specified, see systemd.v(7) for details.

In place of the directory path a ".v/" versioned directory may be specified, see systemd.v(7) for details.

Added in version 239.

Detaches a portable service image from the host. This undoes the operations executed by the attach command above, and removes the unit file copies, drop-ins and image symlink again. This command expects an image name or path as parameter. Note that if a path is specified only the last component of it (i.e. the file or directory name itself, not the path to it) is used for finding matching unit files. This is a convenience feature to allow all arguments passed as attach also to detach.

If --now and/or --enable are passed, the portable services are immediately stopped (blocking operation) and/or disabled before detaching the image. Prefix(es) are also accepted, to be used in case the unit names do not match the image name as described in the attach.

Added in version 239.

Detaches an existing portable service image from the host, and immediately attaches it again. This is useful in case the image was replaced. Running units are not stopped during the process. Partial matching, to allow for different versions in the image name, is allowed: only the part before the first "_" character has to match. If the new image does not exist, the existing one will not be detached. The parameters follow the same syntax as the attach command.

If --now and/or --enable are passed, the portable services are immediately stopped if removed, started and/or enabled if added, or restarted if updated. Prefixes are also accepted, in the same way as described in the attach case.

Added in version 248.

Extracts various metadata from a portable service image and presents it to the caller. Specifically, the os-release(5) file of the image is retrieved as well as all matching unit files. By default, a short summary showing the most relevant metadata in combination with a list of matching unit files is shown (that is the unit files attach would install to the host system). If combined with --cat (see above), the os-release data and the units files' contents is displayed unprocessed. This command is useful to determine whether an image qualifies as portable service image, and which unit files are included. This command expects the path to the image as parameter, optionally followed by a list of unit file prefixes to consider, similar to the attach command described above.

Added in version 239.

Determines whether the specified image is currently attached or not. Unless combined with the --quiet switch this will show a short state identifier for the image. Specifically:

Table 1. Image attachment states

State	Description
detached	The image is currently not attached.
attached	The image is currently attached, i.e. its unit files have been made available to the host system.
attached-runtime	Like attached, but the unit files have been made available transiently only, i.e. the attach command has been invoked with the --runtime option.
enabled	The image is currently attached, and at least one unit file associated with it has been enabled.
enabled-runtime	Like enabled, but the unit files have been made available transiently only, i.e. the attach command has been invoked with the --runtime option.
running	The image is currently attached, and at least one unit file associated with it is running.
running-runtime	The image is currently attached transiently, and at least one unit file associated with it is running.

Added in version 239.

Marks or (unmarks) a portable service image read-only. Takes an image name, followed by a boolean as arguments. If the boolean is omitted, positive is implied, i.e. the image is marked read-only.

Added in version 239.

Removes one or more portable service images. Note that this command will only remove the specified image path itself — it refers to a symbolic link then the symbolic link is removed and not the image it points to.

Added in version 239.

Sets the maximum size in bytes that a specific portable service image, or all images, may grow up to on disk (disk quota). Takes either one or two parameters. The first, optional parameter refers to a portable service image name. If specified, the size limit of the specified image is changed. If omitted, the overall size limit of the sum of all images stored locally is changed. The final argument specifies the size limit in bytes, possibly suffixed by the usual K, M, G, T units. If the size limit shall be disabled, specify "-" as size.

Note that per-image size limits are only supported on btrfs file systems. Also, depending on BindPaths= settings in the portable service's unit files directories from the host might be visible in the image environment during runtime which are not affected by this setting, as only the image itself is counted against this limit.

Added in version 239.

Suppresses additional informational output while running.

Added in version 239.

When attaching an image, select the profile to use. By default, the "default" profile is used. For details about profiles, see below.

Added in version 239.

When attaching an image, select whether to prefer copying or symlinking of files installed into the host system. Takes one of "copy" (files will be copied), "symlink" (to prefer creation of symbolic links), "auto" for an intermediary mode where security profile drop-ins and images are symlinked while unit files are copied, or "mixed" (since v256) where security profile drop-ins are symlinked while unit files and images are copied. Note that this option expresses a preference only, in cases where symbolic links cannot be created — for example when the image operated on is a raw disk image, and hence not directly referentiable from the host file system — copying of files is used unconditionally.

Added in version 239.

When specified the unit and drop-in files are placed in /run/systemd/system.attached/ instead of /etc/systemd/system.attached/. Images attached with this option set hence remain attached only until the next reboot, while they are normally attached persistently.

Added in version 239.

Do not reload the service manager after attaching or detaching a portable service image. Normally the service manager is reloaded to ensure it is aware of added or removed unit files.

Added in version 239.

When inspecting portable service images, show the (unprocessed) contents of the metadata files pulled from the image, instead of brief summaries. Specifically, this will show the os-release(5) and unit file contents of the image.

Added in version 239.

Immediately enable/disable the portable service after attaching/detaching.

Added in version 245.

Immediately start/stop/restart the portable service after attaching/before detaching/after upgrading.

Added in version 245.

Do not block waiting for attach --now to complete.

Added in version 245.

When detaching ensure the configuration, state, logs, cache, and runtime data directories of the portable service are removed from the host system.

Added in version 256.

Add an additional image PATH as an overlay on top of IMAGE when attaching/detaching. This argument can be specified multiple times, in which case the order in which images are laid down follows the rules specified in systemd.exec(5) for the ExtensionImages= directive and for the systemd-sysext(8) and systemd-confext(8) tools. The images must contain an extension-release file with metadata that matches what is defined in the os-release of IMAGE. See: os-release(5). Images can be block images, btrfs subvolumes or directories. For more information on portable services with extensions, see the "Extension Images" paragraph on Portable Services[1].

Note that the same extensions have to be specified, in the same order, when attaching and detaching.

In place of the image path a ".v/" versioned directory may be specified, see systemd.v(7) for details.

In place of the directory path a ".v/" versioned directory may be specified, see systemd.v(7) for details.

Added in version 249.

Skip safety checks and attach or detach images (with extensions) without first ensuring that the units are not running, and do not insist that the extension-release.NAME file in the extension image has to match the image filename.

Added in version 252.

Execute the operation remotely. Specify a hostname, or a username and hostname separated by "@", to connect to. The hostname may optionally be suffixed by a port ssh is listening on, separated by ":", and then a container name, separated by "/", which connects directly to a specific container on the specified host. This will use SSH to talk to the remote machine manager instance. Container names may be enumerated with machinectl -H HOST. Put IPv6 addresses in brackets.

Execute operation on a local container. Specify a container name to connect to, optionally prefixed by a user name to connect as and a separating "@" character. If the special string ".host" is used in place of the container name, a connection to the local system is made (which is useful to connect to a specific user's user bus: "--user --machine=lennart@.host"). If the "@" syntax is not used, the connection is made as root user. If the "@" syntax is used either the left hand side or the right hand side may be omitted (but not both) in which case the local user name and ".host" are implied.

Do not pipe output into a pager.

Do not print the legend, i.e. column headers and the footer with hints.

Do not query the user for authentication for privileged operations.

Print a short help text and exit.

Print a short version string and exit.

The maximum log level of emitted messages (messages with a higher log level, i.e. less important ones, will be suppressed). Takes a comma-separated list of values. A value may be either one of (in order of decreasing importance) emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug, or an integer in the range 0...7. See syslog(3) for more information. Each value may optionally be prefixed with one of console, syslog, kmsg or journal followed by a colon to set the maximum log level for that specific log target (e.g. SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug,console:info specifies to log at debug level except when logging to the console which should be at info level). Note that the global maximum log level takes priority over any per target maximum log levels.

A boolean. If true, messages written to the tty will be colored according to priority.

This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal, because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will color messages based on the log level on their own.

A boolean. If true, console log messages will be prefixed with a timestamp.

This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal or a file, because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will attach timestamps based on the entry metadata on their own.

A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with a filename and line number in the source code where the message originates.

Note that the log location is often attached as metadata to journal entries anyway. Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when debugging programs.

A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with the current numerical thread ID (TID).

Note that the this information is attached as metadata to journal entries anyway. Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when debugging programs.

The destination for log messages. One of console (log to the attached tty), console-prefixed (log to the attached tty but with prefixes encoding the log level and "facility", see syslog(3), kmsg (log to the kernel circular log buffer), journal (log to the journal), journal-or-kmsg (log to the journal if available, and to kmsg otherwise), auto (determine the appropriate log target automatically, the default), null (disable log output).

Whether to ratelimit kmsg or not. Takes a boolean. Defaults to "true". If disabled, systemd will not ratelimit messages written to kmsg.

Pager to use when --no-pager is not given. $SYSTEMD_PAGER is used if set; otherwise $PAGER is used. If neither $SYSTEMD_PAGER nor $PAGER are set, a set of well-known pager implementations is tried in turn, including less(1) and more(1), until one is found. If no pager implementation is discovered, no pager is invoked. Setting those environment variables to an empty string or the value "cat" is equivalent to passing --no-pager.

Note: if $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set, $SYSTEMD_PAGER and $PAGER can only be used to disable the pager (with "cat" or ""), and are otherwise ignored.

Override the options passed to less (by default "FRSXMK").

Users might want to change two options in particular:

K

X

Note that setting the regular $LESS environment variable has no effect for less invocations by systemd tools.

See less(1) for more discussion.

Override the charset passed to less (by default "utf-8", if the invoking terminal is determined to be UTF-8 compatible).

Note that setting the regular $LESSCHARSET environment variable has no effect for less invocations by systemd tools.

Common pager commands like less(1), in addition to "paging", i.e. scrolling through the output, support opening of or writing to other files and running arbitrary shell commands. When commands are invoked with elevated privileges, for example under sudo(8) or pkexec(1), the pager becomes a security boundary. Care must be taken that only programs with strictly limited functionality are used as pagers, and unintended interactive features like opening or creation of new files or starting of subprocesses are not allowed. "Secure mode" for the pager may be enabled as described below, if the pager supports that (most pagers are not written in a way that takes this into consideration). It is recommended to either explicitly enable "secure mode" or to completely disable the pager using --no-pager or PAGER=cat when allowing untrusted users to execute commands with elevated privileges.

This option takes a boolean argument. When set to true, the "secure mode" of the pager is enabled. In "secure mode", LESSSECURE=1 will be set when invoking the pager, which instructs the pager to disable commands that open or create new files or start new subprocesses. Currently only less(1) is known to understand this variable and implement "secure mode".

When set to false, no limitation is placed on the pager. Setting SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0 or not removing it from the inherited environment may allow the user to invoke arbitrary commands.

When $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set, systemd tools attempt to automatically figure out if "secure mode" should be enabled and whether the pager supports it. "Secure mode" is enabled if the effective UID is not the same as the owner of the login session, see geteuid(2) and sd_pid_get_owner_uid(3), or when running under sudo(8) or similar tools ($SUDO_UID is set [2]). In those cases, SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=1 will be set and pagers which are not known to implement "secure mode" will not be used at all. Note that this autodetection only covers the most common mechanisms to elevate privileges and is intended as convenience. It is recommended to explicitly set $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE or disable the pager.

Note that if the $SYSTEMD_PAGER or $PAGER variables are to be honoured, other than to disable the pager, $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE must be set too.

Takes a boolean argument. When true, systemd and related utilities will use colors in their output, otherwise the output will be monochrome. Additionally, the variable can take one of the following special values: "16", "256" to restrict the use of colors to the base 16 or 256 ANSI colors, respectively. This can be specified to override the automatic decision based on $TERM and what the console is connected to.

The value must be a boolean. Controls whether clickable links should be generated in the output for terminal emulators supporting this. This can be specified to override the decision that systemd makes based on $TERM and other conditions.