Name

groff - GNU roff language reference

Description

groff is short for GNU roff, a free reimplementation of the AT&T device-independent troff typesetting system. See roff(7) for a survey of and background on roff systems.

This document is intended as a reference. The primary groff manual, Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and Werner Lemberg, is a better resource for learners, containing many examples and much discussion. It is written in Texinfo; you can browse it interactively with “info groff”. Additional formats, including plain text, HTML, TeX DVI, and PDF, may be available in /usr/share/doc/groff-1.24.1.

We apply the term “groff” to the language documented here, the GNU implementation of the overall system, the project that develops that system, and the command of that name. In the first sense, groff is an extended dialect of the roff language, for which many similar implementations exist.

GNU troff, installed on this system as troff(1), is the formatter: a program that reads device and font descriptions (groff_font(5)), interprets the groff language expressed in input text, and translates it into a device-independent page description language (groff_out(5)) that is usually then post-processed by an output driver to produce PostScript, PDF, HTML, DVI, or terminal output. We speak of “the formatter” when describing behavior that is generally true of troff and nroff programs.

Input format

Organize input to GNU troff into lines separated by the Unix newline character (U+000A), using the character encoding it recognizes: ISO Latin-1 (8859-1). We recommend use of ISO 646:1991 IRV (US-ASCII) or (equivalently) the Basic Latin subset of ISO 10646 (Unicode); see groff_char(7).

Some control characters (from the sets “C0 Controls” and “C1 Controls” as Unicode describes them) are invalid as input characters. GNU troff discards them upon reading. (It also emits a warning in category “input”; see section “Warnings” of troff(1).) It processes a character sequence “foo”, followed by an invalid character and then “bar”, as “foobar”.

Invalid input characters comprise 0x00, 0x0B, 0x0D–0x1F, and 0x80–0x9F. (Historically, control characters like ASCII STX, ETX, and BEL (Control+B, Control+C, and Control+G) respectively) have been observed in roff documents, particularly in macro packages employing them as delimiters with the output comparison operator to try to avoid collisions with the content of arbitrary user-supplied parameters (see subsection “Conditional expressions” below). We discourage this expedient; in GNU troff it is unnecessary (outside of compatibility mode) because the program parses delimited arguments at a different input level than their surrounding context. See section “Miscellaneous” of groff_diff(7).) GNU troff uses some of these code points for internal purposes, making non-trivial the extension of the program to accept UTF-8 or other encodings that use characters from these ranges.

Syntax characters

Several input characters are syntactically significant to groff. The most important of these distinguish control lines, which instruct the formatter, from text lines that are formatted as output.

.

A dot at the beginning of an input line marks it as a control line. It can also follow the el and nop requests, and the condition in “if”, ie, and “while” requests. The control character invokes requests and calls macros by the name that follows it. The cc request can change the control character.

'

The neutral apostrophe is the no-break control character, recognized where the control character is. It suppresses the (first) break implied by the bp, ce, cf, fi, fl, “in”, nf, rj, sp, ti, and trf requests. The requested operation takes effect at the next break. It makes br and brp nilpotent. The no-break control character can be changed with the c2 request. When formatted, “'” may be typeset as a typographical quotation mark; use the \[aq] special character escape sequence to format a neutral apostrophe glyph.

"

The neutral double quote can be used to enclose arguments to macros and strings, and is required if those arguments contain space or tab characters. The requests “as”, as1, cf, char, ds, ds1, fchar, fschar, mso, msoquiet, nx, “open”, opena, pi, schar, “so”, soquiet, sy, and trf strip a leading neutral double quote from their final arguments to allow embedding of leading spaces. All such arguments are “strings” in a general sense, representing character sequences, file names, operating system commands, or parameters to an output device extension command. To include a double quote inside a quoted argument, use the \[dq] special character escape sequence (which also serves to typeset the glyph in text).

\

A backslash introduces an escape sequence. The escape character can be changed with the ec request; eo disables escape sequence recognition. Use the \[rs] special character escape sequence to format a backslash glyph, and \e to typeset the glyph of the current escape character.

(

An opening parenthesis is special only in certain escape sequences; when recognized, it introduces an argument of exactly two characters. groff offers the more flexible square bracket syntax.

[

An opening bracket is special only in certain escape sequences; when recognized, it introduces an argument (list) of any length, not including a closing bracket.

]

A closing bracket is special only when an escape sequence using an opening bracket as an argument delimiter is being interpreted. It ends the argument (list).

Additionally, the Control+A character (U+0001) in text is interpreted as a leader (see below).

Horizontal whitespace characters are significant to groff, but trailing spaces on text lines are ignored.

space

On control lines and within bracketed escape sequences, spaces separate arguments. On text lines, they separate words. Multiple adjacent space characters in text cause groff to attempt end-of-sentence detection on the preceding word (and trailing punctuation). The amount of space between words and sentences is controlled by the ss request. When filling is enabled (the default), a line may be broken at a space. When adjustment is enabled (the default), inter-word spaces are expanded until the output line reaches the configured length. An adjustable but non-breaking space is available with \~. To get a space of fixed width, use one of the escape sequences ‘\ ’ (the escape character followed by a space), \0, \|, \^, or \h; see section “Escape sequences” below.

newline

On text lines, a newline formats an inter-word space and, if filling is enabled, triggers end-of-sentence recognition on the preceding text. See section “Line continuation” below.

tab

A tab character on a text line causes the drawing position to advance to the next defined tab stop.

Sentences

Configure the sets of characters that potentially end sentences or are transparent to sentence endings with the cflags request. Use the ss request to change—or eliminate—supplemental inter-sentence space.

Tabs and leaders

The formatter interprets input horizontal tab characters (“tabs”) and Control+A characters (“leaders”) into movements to the next tab stop. Tabs simply move to the next tab stop; leaders place enough periods to fill the space. Tab stops are by default located every half inch measured from the drawing position corresponding to the beginning of the input line; see section “Page geometry” of roff(7). Tabs and leaders do not cause breaks and therefore do not interrupt filling. Tab stops can be configured with the ta request, and tab and leader glyphs with the tc and lc requests, respectively.

Line continuation

When filling is enabled, input and output line breaks generally do not correspond. The roff language therefore distinguishes input and output line continuation.

A backslash \ immediately followed by a newline, sometimes discussed as \newline, suppresses the effects of that newline on the input. The next input line thus retains the classification of its predecessor as a control or text line. \newline is useful for managing line lengths in the input during document maintenance; you can break an input line at a space, or in the middle of a word, request invocation, macro call, or escape sequence. Input line continuation is invisible to the formatter, with two exceptions: the | operator recognizes the new input line, and the input line counter register .c increments.

The \c escape sequence continues an output line. Nothing on the input line after it is formatted. In contrast to \newline, a line after \c is treated as a new input line, so a control character is recognized at its beginning. The visual results depend on whether filling is enabled. An intervening control line that causes a break overrides \c, flushing out the pending output line in the usual way. The register .int interpolates a positive value only if the pending output line has been continued with \c; this datum is associated with the environment.

Colors

groff supports color output with a variety of color spaces and up to 16 bits per channel. Some devices, particularly terminals, may be more limited. When color support is enabled, two colors are current at any given time: the stroke color, with which glyphs, rules (lines), and geometric objects like circles and polygons are drawn, and the fill color, which can be used to paint the interior of a closed geometric figure. The color, defcolor, gcolor, and fcolor requests; \m and \M escape sequences; and .color, .m, and .M registers exercise color support.

Each output device has a color named “default”, which cannot be redefined. A device's default stroke and fill colors are not necessarily the same. For the dvi, html, pdf, ps, and xhtml output devices, troff automatically loads a macro file defining many color names at startup. By the same mechanism, the devices supported by grotty(1) recognize the eight standard ISO 6429/ECMA-48 color names. (These are known vulgarly as “ANSI” colors, after its X3.64 standard, now withdrawn.)

Measurements

Express numeric parameters that specify measurements as integers or decimal fractions with an optional scaling unit suffixed. A scaling unit is a letter that immediately follows the magnitude of a measurement. Digits after the decimal point are optional.

The formatter scales measurements by the specified scaling unit, storing them internally (with any fractional part discarded) in basic units. The device resolution can therefore be obtained by storing a value of “1i” to a register, then reading the register.

u

Basic unit; it is at least as small as any other unit.

i

Inch; defined as 2.54 centimeters.

c

Centimeter.

p

Point; a typesetter's unit used for measuring type size. There are 72 points to an inch.

P

Pica; another typesetter's unit. There are 6 picas to an inch and 12 points to a pica.

z

Typographical point; like p, but used only with type sizes, to overcome a limitation of AT&T troff.

s

Scaled point.

f

Multiplication by 65,536; scales decimal fractions in the interval [0, 1] to 16-bit unsigned integers.

The magnitudes of other scaling units depend on the text formatting parameters in effect.

m

Em; an em is equal to the current type size in points.

n

En; on typesetters, an en is one-half em, but on terminals an en equals an em.

v

Vee; distance between text baselines.

M

Hundredth of an em.

Numeric expressions

When evaluated, a numeric expression interpolates an integer. GNU troff recognizes the following operators.

troff provides a set of mathematical and logical operators familiar to programmers—as well as some unusual ones—but supports only integer arithmetic. (Provision is made for interpreting and reporting decimal fractions in certain cases.) The internal data type used for computing results depends on the host machine but is at least a 32-bit signed integer, which suffices to represent magnitudes within a range of ±2 billion. (If that's not enough, see groff_tmac(5) for the 62bit.tmac macro package.) Arithmetic saturates. (If overflow would occur, GNU troff emits a warning in category “range”. See section “Warnings” of troff(1).)

Arithmetic infix operators perform a function on the numeric expressions to their left and right; they are + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (truncating division), and % (modulus). Truncating division rounds to the integer nearer to zero, no matter how large the fractional portion. Division and modulus by zero are errors and abort evaluation of a numeric expression.

Arithmetic unary operators operate on the numeric expression to their right; they are - (negation) and + (assertion—for completeness; it does nothing). The unary minus must often be used with parentheses to avoid confusion with the decrementation operator, discussed below.

The sign of the modulus of operands of mixed signs is determined by the sign of the first. Division and modulus operators satisfy the following property: given a dividend a and a divisor b, a quotient q formed by “(a / b)” and a remainder r by “(a % b)”, then qb + r = a.

GNU troff's scaling operator, used with parentheses as (c;e), evaluates a numeric expression e using c as the default scaling unit. If c is omitted, scaling units are ignored in the evaluation of e. GNU troff also provides a pair of operators to compute the extremum of two operands: >? (maximum) and <? (minimum).

Comparison operators comprise < (less than), > (greater than), <= (less than or equal), >= (greater than or equal), and = (equal, with a synonym ==). When evaluating a comparison, the formatter replaces it with “0” if it is false and “1” if true. In the roff language, positive values are true, others false.

Operate on truth values with the logical operators & (logical conjunction or “and”) and : (logical disjunction or “or”). They evaluate as comparison operators do. A logical complementation (“not”) operator, !, works only within “if”, “ie”, and “while” requests. Furthermore, the formatter recognizes ! only at the beginning of a numeric expression not contained by another numeric expression. In other words, ! must be the “outermost” operator. Its presence elsewhere causes the expression to evaluate false. (GNU troff emits a warning in category “number”. See section “Warnings” of troff(1).) This unfortunate limitation maintains compatibility with AT&T troff. Test a numeric expression for falsity within a complex expression by comparing it to a false value.

The roff language has no operator precedence: expressions are evaluated strictly from left to right, in contrast to schoolhouse arithmetic. Use parentheses ( ) to impose a desired precedence upon subexpressions.

For many requests and escape sequences that cause motion on the page, the unary operators + and - work differently when leading a numeric expression. They then indicate a motion relative to the drawing position: positive is down in vertical contexts, right in horizontal ones.

+ and - are also treated differently by the following requests and escape sequences: bp, in, ll, pl, pn, po, ps, pvs, rt, ti, \H, \R, and \s. Here, leading plus and minus signs serve as incrementation and decrementation operators, respectively. To negate an expression in these contexts, subtract it from zero or include the unary minus in parentheses with its argument.

A leading | operator indicates a motion relative not to the drawing position but to a boundary. For horizontal motions, the measurement specifies a distance relative to a drawing position corresponding to the beginning of the input line. By default, tab stops reckon movements in this way. Most escape sequences do not; | tells them to do so. For vertical motions, the | operator specifies a distance from the first text baseline on the page or in the current diversion, using the current vertical spacing.

The delimited escape sequence \B tests its argument for validity as a numeric expression.

A register interpolated as an operand in a numeric expression must have an Arabic format; luckily, this is the default.

Because spaces separate arguments to requests, spaces are not allowed in numeric expressions unless parentheses surround the (sub)expression containing them.

Identifiers

An identifier labels a GNU troff datum such as a register, name (macro, string, or diversion), typeface, color, special character or character class, hyphenation language code, environment, or stream. Valid identifiers consist of one or more ordinary characters. An ordinary character is any Unicode Basic Latin character that is not a space and not the escape character; recall section “Input format” above.

An identifier with a closing bracket (“]”) in its name can't be accessed with bracket-form escape sequences that expect an identifier as a parameter. Similarly, the identifier “(” can't be interpolated except with bracket forms.

Beginning a macro, string, or diversion name with the character “[” or “]” forecloses use of the refer(1) preprocessor, which recognizes input lines starting with “.[” and “.]” as bibliographic reference delimiters.

The delimited escape sequence \A tests its argument for validity as an identifier.

The formatter's handling of undefined identifiers is context-dependent. There is no way to invoke an undefined request; such syntax is interpreted as a macro call instead. If the identifier is interpreted as a string, macro, or diversion name, the formatter defines it as empty and interpolates nothing. (GNU troff emits a warning in category “mac”. See section “Warnings” of troff(1).) Similarly, if the identifier is interpreted as a register name, the formatter initializes it to zero and interpolates that value. GNU troff emits a warning in category “reg”; see section “Warnings” in troff(1), and subsection “Interpolating registers” and section “Strings” below. Attempting to use an undefined typeface, special character or character class, color, environment, hyphenation language code, or stream generally provokes an error diagnostic.

Identifiers for requests, macros, strings, and diversions share one name space; special characters and character classes another. No other object types do.

Control characters

The formatter recognizes a control character only at the beginning of an input line, or at the beginning of a branch of a control structure request; see section “Control structures” below.

A few requests cause a break implicitly; invoke them with the no-break control character to prevent the break. Break suppression is its sole behavioral distinction. Employing the no-break control character to invoke requests that don't cause breaks is harmless but poor style.

The control character “.” and the no-break control character “'” can be changed with the cc and c2 requests, respectively. Within a macro definition, register .br indicates the control character used to call it.

Invoking requests

A control character is optionally followed by tabs and/or spaces and then an identifier naming a request or macro. The invocation of an unrecognized request is interpreted as a macro call. Defining a macro with the same name as a request replaces the request. Deleting a request name with the rm request makes it unavailable. The als request can alias requests, permitting them to be wrapped or non-destructively replaced. See section “Strings” below.

There is no inherent limit on argument length or quantity. Most requests take one or more arguments, and ignore any they do not expect. A request may be separated from its arguments by tabs or spaces, but only spaces can separate an argument from its successor. Only one between arguments is necessary; any excess is ignored. GNU troff does not allow tabs for argument separation. (Plan 9 troff does.)

Generally, a space within a request argument is not relevant, not meaningful, or is supported by bespoke provisions, as with the tl request's delimiters. Some requests, like ds, interpret the remainder of the control line as a single argument. See section “Strings” below.

Spaces and tabs immediately after a control character are ignored. Commonly, authors use them to indent the source of documents or macro files.

Calling macros

If a macro of the desired name does not exist when called, the formatter creates it and assigns it an empty definition. (GNU troff emits a warning in category “mac”. See section “Warnings” in troff(1).) Calling an undefined macro does end a macro definition naming it as its end macro (see section “Writing macros” below).

To embed spaces within a macro argument, enclose the argument in neutral double quotes ‘"’. Horizontal motion escape sequences are sometimes a better choice for arguments to be formatted as text.

The foregoing raises the question of how to embed neutral double quotes or backslashes in macro arguments when those characters are desired as literals. In GNU troff, the special character escape sequence \[rs] produces a backslash and \[dq] a neutral double quote.

In GNU troff's AT&T compatibility mode, these characters remain available as \(rs and \(dq, respectively. AT&T troff did not consistently define these special characters, but its descendants can be made to support them. See groff_font(5). If even that is not feasible, see the “Calling Macros” section of the groff Texinfo manual for the complex macro argument quoting rules of AT&T troff.

Using escape sequences

Whereas requests must occur on control lines, escape sequences can occur intermixed with text and may appear in arguments to requests, macros, and other escape sequences. An escape sequence is introduced by the escape character, a backslash \. The next character selects the escape's function.

Escape sequences vary in length. Some take an argument, and of those, some have different syntactical forms for a one-character, two-character, or arbitrary-length argument. Others accept only an arbitrary-length argument. In the former scheme, a one-character argument follows the function character immediately, an opening parenthesis “(” introduces a two-character argument (no closing parenthesis is used), and an argument of arbitrary length is enclosed in brackets “[]”. In the latter scheme, the user selects a delimiter character. A few escape sequences are idiosyncratic, and support both of the foregoing conventions (\s), designate their own termination sequence (\?), consume input until the next newline (\!, \", \#), or support an additional modifier character (\s again, and \n). In no case can an escape sequence parameter contain an unescaped newline.

If the character that follows the escape character does not identify a defined operation, the formatter ignores the escape character. (GNU troff emits a warning in category “escape”. See section “Warnings” in troff(1).)

Escape sequence interpolation is of higher precedence than escape sequence argument interpretation. This rule affords flexibility in using escape sequences to construct parameters to other escape sequences.

The escape character can be interpolated (\e). Requests permit the escape mechanism to be deactivated (eo) and restored, or the escape character changed (ec), and to save and restore it (ecs and ecr).

Delimiters

Some escape sequences that require parameters use delimiters. The neutral apostrophe ' is a popular choice and shown in this document. The neutral double quote " is also commonly seen. Punctuation characters are the best choice (and most portable to other troffs, except for those meaningful in numeric expressions; see below.

The following escape sequences are not themselves delimited, and thus are allowed as delimiters: \space, \%, \|, \^, \{, \}, \', \`, \-, \_, \!, \?, \), \/, \,, \&, \:, \~, \0, \a, \c, \d, \e, \E, \p, \r, \t, and \u. However, we discourage using them this way; they can make the input confusing to read. (The eqn(1) and tbl(1) preprocessors use parameterized but non-delimited special character escape sequences \( and \[ to bracket portions of their output.) An invalid escape sequence is valid as a delimiter if the character after the escape character would be valid.

The escape sequences \D, \h, \H, \l, \L, \N, \R, \s, \S, \v, and \x prohibit delimiters that are meaningful in numeric expressions, because they accept numeric expressions as (or within) their arguments. For consistency, GNU troff prohibits the same delimiters in the argument to the tl request. The “if”, ie, and “while” requests each interpret their first argument as a conditional expression; only characters that are not meaningful as operators in that context can be used as output comparison delimiters. The following inputs are therefore invalid as delimiters in GNU troff.

Delimiter syntax is flexible (and laborious to describe) primarily for historical reasons; the foregoing restrictions need be kept in mind mainly when using GNU troff in AT&T compatibility mode. Normally, GNU troff keeps track of the nesting depth of escape sequence interpolations, so the only characters you need to avoid using as delimiters are those that appear in the arguments you input, not those that result from interpolation. Typically, ' works fine. See section “Implementation differences” in groff_diff(7).

Dummy characters

As discussed in roff(7), the first character on an input line is treated specially. Further, formatting a glyph has many consequences on formatter state (see section “Environments” below). Occasionally, we want to escape this context or embrace some of those consequences without actually rendering a glyph to the output. \& interpolates a dummy character, which is constitutive of output but invisible. Its presence alters the interpretation context of a subsequent input character, and enjoys several applications: preventing the insertion of extra space after an end-of-sentence character, preventing interpretation of a control character at the beginning of an input line, preventing kerning between two glyphs, and permitting the tr request to remap a character to “nothing”. \) works as \& does, except that it does not cancel a pending end-of-sentence state.

Page control

Discretionary page breaks can prevent the unwanted separation of content. A new page number takes effect during page ejection; see subsection “The implicit page trap” below. The bp request breaks the page, incrementing the page number by one (or setting it per the supplied argument). The ne request forces a page break if insufficient vertical space is available (it asserts “needed” space). sv requires vertical space as ne does, but also saves it for later output by the os request.

The nl register interpolates the vertical drawing position as of the most recently typeset output line. It does not necessarily (and often does not) represent that of the pending output line, because the formatter does not determine the position of its baseline until it is output. Assigning a value to nl sets the vertical drawing position in advance of further modifications to baseline positioning arising from alterations to type size, changes to vertical spacing, or application of extra pre- or post-vertical spacing.

When the formatter starts, the transition to the first page has not yet happened—nl is negative. If you plant a page location trap at vertical position “0” (idiomatically to format a header), you can assign a negative value to nl to spring that trap even if the page has already started (see subsection “Page location traps” below).

Control structures

groff has “if” and “while” control structures like other languages. However, the syntax for grouping multiple input lines in the branches or bodies of these structures is unusual.

They have a common form: the request name is (except for el “else”) followed by a conditional expression cond-expr; the remainder of the line, input, is interpreted as if it were an input line. Any quantity of spaces between arguments to requests serves only to separate them; leading spaces in input are therefore not seen. input effectively cannot be omitted; if cond-expr is true and input is empty, the newline at the end of the control line is interpreted as a blank line (and therefore a blank text line).

It is frequently desirable for a control structure to govern more than one request, macro call, or text line, or combination of the foregoing. The opening and closing brace escape sequences \{ and \} perform such grouping. Brace escape sequences outside of control structures have no meaning and produce no output.

\{ should appear (after optional spaces and tabs) immediately subsequent to the request's conditional expression. \} should appear on a line with other occurrences of itself as necessary to match \{ sequences. It can be preceded by a control character, spaces, and tabs. Input after any quantity of \} sequences on the same line is processed only if all the preceding conditions to which they correspond are true. Furthermore, a \} closing the body of a “while” request must be the last such escape sequence on an input line.

GNU troff treats the body of a “while” request similarly to that of a de request (albeit one not read in copy mode), but stores it under an internal name and deletes it when the loop finishes. The operation of a macro containing a “while” request can slow significantly if its body is large. Each time GNU troff interpolates the macro, it parses and stores the “while” body again. An often better solution—and one that is more portable, since AT&T troff lacked the “while” request—is to instead write a recursive macro, which is parsed only once (unless you redefine it). To prevent infinite loops, GNU troff limits the default number of available recursion levels to 1,000 or somewhat less (because things other than macro calls can be on the input stack). You can disable this protective measure, or alter the limit, by setting the slimit register. See section “Debugging” below.

Syntax reference conventions

In the following request and escape sequence specifications, most argument names were chosen to be descriptive. GNU troff reads arguments named character-sequence, command, contents, file, and message in copy mode (see section “Copy Mode” below) until the end of the input line. A character-sequence comprises one or more ordinary, special, or indexed characters; spaces; or escape sequences that interpolate only these. We name the remaining arguments for clarity; they are also character-sequences. A neutral double quote ‘"’ can optionally prefix a character-sequence; the formatter discards one if present, permitting initial embedded spaces in the argument. input refers to arbitrary character sequences (up to a newline or delimiter) that GNU troff fully interprets, in contrast to copy mode.

A few denotations are more specific.

If a numeric expression presented as ±N starts with a ‘+’ sign, an increment in the amount of of N is applied to the value applicable to the request or escape sequence. If it starts with a ‘-’ sign, a decrement of magnitude N is applied instead. Without a sign, N replaces any existing value. A roff formatter always interprets a leading minus sign in N as a decrementation operator, not an algebraic sign. To assign a register a negative value or the negated value of another interpolation, you must force the formatter to interpret “-” as a negation or minus, rather than decrementation, operator: enclose the “-” with its operand in parentheses or subtract the expression of interest from zero. If a prior value does not exist—the register was undefined—an increment or decrement applies as if to 0.

Request short reference

Not all details of request behavior are outlined here. See the groff Texinfo manual or, for features new to GNU troff, groff_diff(7).

.ab

Abort the formatter; exit with failure status.

.ab terminal-message

Abort the formatter; write terminal-message to the standard error stream and exit with failure status.

.ad

Enable output line alignment and adjustment using the mode stored in \n[.j].

.ad c

Enable output line alignment and adjustment in mode c (c=b,c,l,n,r). Sets \n[.j].

.af reg c

Assign format c to register reg, where c is “i”, “I”, “a”, “A”, or a sequence of decimal digits whose quantity denotes the minimum width in digits to be used when the register is interpolated. “i” and “a” indicate Roman numerals and basic Latin alphabetics, respectively, in the lettercase specified. The default is 0.

.aln new-register existing-register

Create alias (additional name) new-register of existing-register, causing the names to refer to the same stored object. If existing-register is undefined, the formatter ignores the request. GNU troff emits a warning in category “reg”.

.als new-name existing-name

Create alias (additional name) new-name of request, string, macro, or diversion existing-name, causing the names to refer to the same stored object. If existing-name is undefined, the formatter ignores the request. GNU troff emits a warning in category “mac”. If new-name already exists, its definition is lost unless already aliased.

.am mac

Append to macro mac until encountering “..” at the start of a control line in the current conditional block.

.am mac end-mac

Append to macro mac until end-mac is called at the start of a control line in the current conditional block. end-mac can be a request.

.am1 mac

As ”am”, with compatibility mode disabled when the appendment to macro mac is interpreted.

.am1 mac end-mac

As “.am mac”, with compatibility mode disabled when the appendment to macro mac is interpreted.

.ami str

Append to a macro indirectly—its name is in string str—until encountering “..”.

.ami str end-mac-str

Append to a macro indirectly. As ”am”, but str and end-mac-str contain the names of the macro to be appended to, and that whose call ends the appendment, respectively.

.ami1 str

As ami, with compatibility mode disabled when the appendment is interpreted.

.ami1 str end-mac-str

As ami, with compatibility mode disabled when the appendment is interpreted.

.as ident

Create string ident with empty contents; no operation if ident already exists.

.as str contents

Append contents to string str.

.as1 ident

As “.as ident”.

.as1 str contents

As ”as”, with compatibility mode disabled when the appendment to string str is interpreted.

.asciify div

Unformat ordinary characters, spaces, and some escape sequences in diversion div. When transforming a glyph node back into an input sequence that demands expression as a special character escape sequence, GNU troff uses the default escape character.

.backtrace

Write the state of the input stack to the standard error stream. See the -b option of groff(1).

.bd font

Stop emboldening font font.

.bd font n

Embolden font by overstriking its glyphs offset by n-1 units. See register .b.

.bd special-font font

Stop emboldening special-font when font is selected. special-font must be a font name, not a mounting position.

.bd special-font font n

Embolden special-font, overstriking its glyphs offset by n-1 units when font is selected. See register .b.

.blm

Unset blank line macro (trap). Restore default handling of blank lines.

.blm mac

Set blank line macro (trap) to mac.

.box

Stop directing output to current diversion; any pending output line is discarded.

.box ident

Direct output to diversion ident, omitting a partially collected line.

.boxa

Stop appending output to current diversion; any pending output line is discarded.

.boxa div

Append output to diversion div, omitting a partially collected line.

.bp

Break page and start a new one.

.bp ±N

Break page, starting a new one numbered ±N.

.br

Break output line.

.brp

Break and force adjustment of the output line per the current adjustment mode.

.break

Break out of a ”while” loop.

.c2

Reset no-break control character to “'”.

.c2 o

Recognize ordinary character o as no-break control character.

.cc

Reset control character to ‘.’.

.cc o

Recognize ordinary character o as the control character.

.ce

Break, center the output of the next productive input line without filling, and break again.

.ce npl

Break, center the output of the next npl productive input lines without filling, then break again. If npl ≤ 0, stop centering.

.cf file

Break and copy contents of file as “throughput” to GNU troff output (see groff_out(5)). Each line of file is output as if preceded by \!, but is not interpreted by the formatter. Unsafe request; disabled by default.

.cflags n c...

Assign properties encoded by non-negative integer n to each character or class c. Spaces need not separate c arguments.

.ch mac

Unplant page location trap mac.

.ch mac vertical-position

Change page location trap mac planted by wh by moving its location to vertical-position (default scaling unit v).

.char c

Define an ordinary, special, or indexed character c as empty.

.char c contents

Define an ordinary, special, or indexed character c as contents.

.chop name

Remove the last character from the macro, string, or diversion name.

.class ident c ...

Define a (character) class ident comprising the characters or range expressions c, where each c is an ordinary, special, or indexed character; or a range expression. A class thus defined can then be referred to in a cflags request in lieu of listing all the characters within it.

.close stream

Close stream, making it unavailable for ”write” requests.

.color

Enable output of color-related device-independent output commands. It is enabled by default.

.color b

Enable or disable output of color-related device-independent output commands per Boolean expression b.

.composite c

Remove composite character mapping for character c.

.composite c1 c2

Map character c1 to c2 when c1 is a combining component in a composite character.

.continue

Skip the remainder of a “while” loop's body, immediately retesting its conditional expression.

.cp

Enable AT&T troff compatibility mode. It is disabled by default.

.cp b

Enable or disable AT&T troff compatibility mode per Boolean expression b.

.cs f

Disable constant-width glyph spacing mode for font f.

.cs f n

Enable constant-width glyph spacing mode for font f at n/36 ems.

.cs f n p

Enable constant-width glyph spacing mode for font at n/36 ems, as if one em equals p scaled points.

.cu

Continuously underline the output of the next productive input line.

.cu npl

Continuously underline the output of the next npl productive input lines. If npl=0, stop continuously underlining.

.da

Stop appending output to current diversion.

.da div

Append output to diversion div.

.de ident

Define macro ident until “..” occurs at the start of a control line in the current conditional block.

.de ident end-mac

Define macro ident until end-mac is called at the start of a control line in the current conditional block. end-mac can be a request.

.de1 ident

As de, with compatibility mode disabled when mac is interpreted.

.de1 ident end-mac

As “.de ident end-mac”, with compatibility mode disabled when mac is interpreted.

.defcolor ident scheme color-component ...

Define a color named ident. scheme identifies a color space and determines the number of required color-components; it must be one of “rgb” (three components), “cmy” (three), “cmyk” (four), or “gray” (one). “grey” is accepted as a synonym of “gray”. The color components can be encoded as a single hexadecimal value starting with # or ##. The former indicates that each component is in the range 0–255 (0–FF), the latter the range 0–65,535 (0–FFFF). Alternatively, each color component can be specified as a decimal fraction in the range 0–1, interpreted using a default scaling unit of “f”, which multiplies its value by 65,536 (but clamps it at 65,535).

.dei str

Define macro indirectly. As de, but interpolate string str to obtain the macro's name.

.dei str end-mac-str

Define macro indirectly. As de, but str and end-mac-str contain the names of the macro to be defined, and that whose call ends the definition, respectively.

.dei1 str

As dei, with compatibility mode disabled when the macro is interpreted.

.dei1 str end-mac-str

As dei, with compatibility mode disabled when the macro is interpreted.

.device character-sequence

Embed character-sequence into GNU troff output as parameters to an “xX” device extension command; see groff_out(5). The output driver or other postprocessor interprets character-sequence as it sees fit.

.devicem name

Write contents of macro or string name to troff output as the argument to a device extension command.

.di

Stop directing output to current diversion.

.di ident

Direct output to diversion ident.

.do name argument ...

Interpret the string, request, diversion, or macro name (along with any further arguments) with compatibility mode disabled. Compatibility mode is restored (only if it was active) when the interpolation of name is interpreted.

.ds ident

Create empty string named ident.

.ds ident contents

Create a string named ident containing contents.

.ds1 ident

.ds1 ident contents

As ds, with compatibility mode disabled when the string is interpreted.

.dt

Clear diversion trap.

.dt vertical-position mac

Set the diversion trap to macro mac at vertical-position (default scaling unit v).

.ec

Recognize \ as the escape character.

.ec o

Recognize ordinary character o as the escape character.

.ecr

Restore escape character saved with ecs.

.ecs

Save the escape character.

.el

Interpolate a newline if the conditional expression of the corresponding ie request was false.

.el input

Interpret input as if it were an input line if the conditional expression of the corresponding ie request was false.

.em

Unset end-of-input macro.

.em mac

Call macro mac after the end of input.

.eo

Disable the escape mechanism in interpretation mode.

.ev

Pop environment stack, returning to previous one.

.ev env

Push current environment onto stack and switch to env, creating it if necessary.

.evc env

Copy environment env to the current one.

.ex

Exit the formatter.

.fam

Set default font family to previous value.

.fam name

Set default font family to name.

.fc

Disable field mechanism.

.fc c

Set field delimiter to c and pad glyph to space.

.fc c1 c2

Set field delimiter to c1 and pad glyph to c2.

.fchar c

Define fallback character c as empty.

.fchar c contents

Define fallback character c as contents. As char, but while that request hides a glyph with the same name in the selected font, fchar definitions are used only if the font lacks a glyph for c. GNU troff performs this test before searching special fonts.

.fcolor

Restore previous fill color, or the default if there is none.

.fcolor col

Select col as the fill color.

.fi

Enable filling of output lines; a pending output line is broken. Sets \n[.u].

.fl

Flush any pending output line.

.fp pos id

Mount font with font description file name id at non-negative position pos.

.fp pos id font-description-file-name

Mount font with font-description-file-name as name id at non-negative position pos.

.fschar f c

Define fallback character c specific to font f as empty.

.fschar f c contents

Define fallback character c specific to font f as contents. As char, but GNU troff locates a character defined by fschar after any fonts named as arguments to the fspecial are searched and before those named as arguments to the “special” request.

.fspecial f

Empty the list of fonts treated as special when f is selected.

.fspecial f s ...

Declare each font s as special only when font f is selected. GNU troff searches fonts specified as arguments to the “special” request after those given as arguments to the fspecial request.

.ft

.ft P

Select the typeface font. If font is an integer, the formatter interprets it as a mounting position; the font mounted there is selected. If that position refers to an abstract style, GNU troff combines it with the default family (see fam above and \F below) to make a resolved font name. If font is “DESC”, if the mounting position is not an abstract style and no font is mounted there, or the mounting position is negative, GNU troff ignores the request. (It also emits a warning in category “font”, or “range”, as appropriate. See section “Warnings” in troff(1).) Also see \f .

.ftr f

Remove translation of font named f.

.ftr f1 f2

Translate font name f1 to f2.

.fzoom font 0

Stop magnifying font.

.fzoom font zoom

Set magnification of mounted font to zoom, a multiplier of the current type size in thousandths (default: 1000).

.gcolor

Restore previous stroke color, or the default if there is none.

.gcolor col

Select col as the stroke color.

.hc

Reset the hyphenation character to \% (the default).

.hc c

Change the hyphenation character to c.

.hcode dst1 src1 [dst2 src2] ...

Set the hyphenation code of character dst1 to that of src1, and so on.

.hla

Clear the environment's hyphenation language (disabling automatic hyphenation).

.hla ident

Set the environment's hyphenation language to ident.

.hlm

Set the consecutive automatically hyphenated line limit to -1 (the default), meaning “no limit”.

.hlm n

Set the consecutive automatically hyphenated line limit to to n. A negative value means “no limit”.

.hpf file

Read hyphenation patterns from file.

.hpfa file

Append hyphenation patterns from file.

.hpfcode a b [c d] ...

Caution: This request will be withdrawn in a future groff release. Use hcode instead.

Define mappings for character codes in hyphenation pattern files.

.hw word ...

Define each argument word (comprising ordinary, special, or indexed characters) as a hyphenation exception word such that each occurrence of a hyphen-minus “-” in word indicates a hyphenation point.

.hy

Set automatic hyphenation mode to the value of the .hydefault register.

.hy 0

Disable automatic hyphenation; same as .nh.

.hy mode

Set automatic hyphenation mode to mode; see section “Hyphenation” below.

.hydefault mode

Set hyphenation mode default to mode; see section “Hyphenation” below.

.hym

Set the (right) hyphenation margin to 0 (the default).

.hym length

Set the (right) hyphenation margin to length (default scaling unit m).

.hys

Set the hyphenation space to 0 (the default).

.hys hyphenation-space

Suppress automatic hyphenation in adjustment modes “b” or “n” if that adjustment can be achieved by adding no more than hyphenation-space to each inter-word space (default scaling unit m).

.ie cond-expr

Interpolate a newline if cond-expr is true, otherwise skip to a corresponding el request.

.ie cond-expr input

If cond-expr is true, interpret input as if it were an input line, otherwise skip to a corresponding el request.

.if cond-expr

Interpolate a newline if cond-expr is true.

.if cond-expr input

If cond-expr is true, then interpret input as if it were an input line.

.ig

Ignore input (except for side effects of \R on auto-incrementing registers) until “..” occurs at the start of a control line in the current conditional block.

.ig end-mac

Ignore input (except for side effects of \R on auto-incrementing registers) until end-mac is called at the start of a control line in the current conditional block. end-mac can be a request.

.in

Set indentation amount to previous value.

.in ±N

Set indentation to ±N (default scaling unit m).

.it

Cancel any pending input line trap.

.it npl mac

Set (or replace) an input line trap in the environment, calling mac after the next npl productive input lines have been read. Lines interrupted with the \c escape sequence are counted separately.

.itc

Cancel any pending input line trap.

.itc npl mac

As ”it”, but lines interrupted with the \c escape sequence do not apply to the line count.

.kern

Enable pairwise kerning.

.kern b

Enable or disable pairwise kerning per Boolean expression b.

.lc

Unset leader repetition character.

.lc c

Set leader repetition character to c (default: “.”).

.length reg contents

Compute the number of characters in contents and store the count in the register reg.

.linetabs

Activate line-tabs in the environment. It is disabled by default.

.linetabs b

Activate or deactivate line-tabs in the environment per Boolean expression b.

.lf input-line-number

Set the input line number the formatter uses when reporting diagnostics. The argument becomes the input line number of the next line the formatter reads.

.lf input-line-number character-sequence

As lf with one argument, but also update the reported file name to character-sequence.

.lg

Enable ligature mode 1.

.lg m

Set ligature mode to m (0 = disable, 1 = enable, 2 = enable for two-letter ligatures only).

.ll

Set line length to previous value. Does not affect a pending output line.

.ll ±N

Set line length to ±N (default length 6.5i, default scaling unit m). Does not affect a pending output line.

.lsm

Unset the leading space macro (trap). Restore default handling of lines with leading spaces.

.lsm mac

Set the leading space macro (trap) to mac.

.ls

Change to the previous value of additional intra-line skip.

.ls n

Set additional intra-line skip value to n, i.e., n-1 blank lines are inserted after each text output line.

.lt

Set length of title lines to previous value.

.lt ±N

Set length of title lines (default length 6.5i, default scaling unit m).

.mc

Cease writing margin character.

.mc c

Begin writing margin character c to the right of each output line at a distance of 10p.

.mc c d

Begin writing margin character c on each output line at distance d to the right of the right margin (default distance 10p, default scaling unit m).

.mk

Mark vertical drawing position in an internal register; see .rt.

.mk reg

Mark vertical drawing position in register reg.

.mso file

As ”so”, except that GNU troff searches for the specified file in the same directories as macro files; see GROFF_TMAC_PATH in section “Environment” of groff(1) and -m in section “Options” of the same page.

.msoquiet file

As mso, but no warning is emitted if file does not exist.

.na

Disable output line adjustment.

.ne

Break page if distance to next page location trap is less than one vee.

.ne d

Break page if distance to next page location trap is less than distance d (default scaling unit v).

.nf

Disable filling of output lines; a pending output line is broken. Clears \n[.u].

.nh

Disable automatic hyphenation; same as “.hy 0”.

.nm

Deactivate output line numbering.

.nm ±N

.nm ±N m

.nm ±N m s

.nm ±N m s i

Activate output line numbering: number the next output line ±N, writing numbers every m lines (default 1), with s numeral widths (\0) between the line number and the output (default 1), and indenting the line number by i numeral widths (default 0).

.nn

Suppress numbering of the next output line counted by nm.

.nn n

Suppress numbering of the next n output lines counted by nm. If n=0, cancel suppression.

.nop

Interpolate a newline.

.nop input

Interpret input as if it were an input line.

.nr reg ±N

Define or update register reg with value N.

.nr reg ±N I

Define or update register reg with value N and auto-increment I, which may be any integer.

.nroff

Make the conditional expressions n true and t false.

.ns

Enable no-space mode, ignoring .sp requests until a glyph or \D primitive is output. See .rs.

.nx

Stop processing the input file and read the next, if any.

.nx file

Stop processing the input file and read file.

.open ident file

Open file for writing and associate a stream named ident with it, making it available for ”write” requests. Unsafe request; disabled by default.

.opena ident file

As “open”, but if file already exists, appends to it instead of overwriting it. Unsafe request; disabled by default.

.os

Output vertical space that was saved by the sv request.

.output character-sequence

Emit character-sequence “transparently” (directly) to troff's output.

.pc

Reset page number character to ‘%’.

.pc c

Change the page number character used in titles to c.

.pchar c ...

Report, to the standard error stream, information about each character (be it ordinary, special, or indexed) or character class c. A character defined by a request (char, fchar, fschar, or schar) reports its contents as a JSON-encoded string, but the output is not otherwise in JSON format.

.pcolor

Report, to the standard error stream, each defined color name, its color space identifier, and channel value assignments. A device's default stroke and/or fill colors, “default”, are not listed since they are immutable and their details unknown to the formatter.

.pcolor col ...

Report, to the standard error stream, the name, color space identifier, and channel value assignments of each color col.

.pcomposite

Report, to the standard error stream, the list of configured composite character mappings. See the “composite” request. The “from” code point is listed first, followed by its “to” mapping.

.pev

Report the state of the current environment followed by that of all other environments to the standard error stream.

.pfp

Report, to the standard error stream, the list of occupied font mounting positions. Occupied mounting positions are listed, one per line, in increasing order, followed by the typeface name; if the name corresponds to an abstract style, the entry ends there. Otherwise, the name of the font description file and the font's “internal name” datum, the meaning of which varies by output device, follow.

.pftr

Report, to the standard error stream, the list of font translations.

.phw

Report, to the standard error stream, the list of hyphenation exception words associated with the hyphenation language selected by the hla request. A “-” marks each hyphenation point. A word prefixed with “-” is not hyphenated at all. The report suffixes words to which automatic hyphenation applies (meaning those defined in a hyphenation pattern file rather than with the hw request) with a tab and asterisk “*”.

.pi command

Pipe GNU troff output through command (which is read in copy mode) by passing it to popen(3). Multiple pi requests construct a multi-stage pipeline in the same order as the formatter encounters the requests. Unsafe request; disabled by default.

.pl

Set page length to default 11i. The current page length is stored in register .p.

.pl ±N

Change page length to ±N (default scaling unit v).

.pline

Report, in JSON syntax to the standard error stream, the list of output nodes corresponding to the pending output line. In JSON, a pair of empty brackets “[ ]” represents an empty list. A pending output line has not yet undergone adjustment, and lacks a line number and margin character (all as applicable).

.pm

Report, to the standard error stream, the names of all defined macros, strings, and diversions and their lengths in characters or nodes.

.pm name ...

Report, to the standard error stream, the JSON-encoded name and contents of each macro, string, or diversion name.

.pn ±N

Set next page number.

.pnr

Report the names, values, and (as applicable) autoincrement amounts and assigned formats of all defined registers to the standard error stream.

.pnr reg ...

Report the name and value and, if its type is numeric, the autoincrement amount and assigned format, of each register reg to the standard error stream.

.po

Change to previous page offset. The current page offset is available in register .o.

.po ±N

Alter page offset (default scaling unit m).

.ps

Restore previous type size.

.ps ±N

Set/increase/decrease the type size to/by N scaled points (a non-positive resulting type size is set to 1 u); also see \s[±N].

.psbb postscript-file

Retrieve the bounding box of the PostScript image found in postscript-file, which must conform to Adobe's Document Structuring Conventions (DSC). See registers llx, lly, urx, ury.

.pso command

As “so”, except that input comes from the standard output stream of command, which is passed to popen(3). Unsafe request; disabled by default.

.pstream

Report, in JSON syntax to the standard error stream, the list of open streams, including the name of each open stream, the name of the file backing it, and its mode (writing or appending).

.pwh

Report names and positions of all page location traps to the standard error stream.

.pvs

Change to previous post-vertical line spacing.

.pvs ±N

Change post-vertical line spacing according to ±N (default scaling unit p).

.rchar c...

Remove definition of each ordinary, special, or indexed character c, undoing the effect of a char, fchar, or schar request. Spaces need not separate c arguments. The character definition removed (if any) is the first encountered in the resolution process documented in section “Using Symbols” of Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff. Glyphs, which are defined by font description files, cannot be removed.

.rd

Read insertion from standard input stream, ringing terminal bell as prompt.

.rd terminal-message

Read insertion from standard input stream, writing terminal-message to standard error stream as prompt.

.return

Stop interpreting an interpolated macro, skipping the remainder of its definition.

.return input

As return, but perform the skip twice—once within the macro being interpreted and once in an enclosing macro.

.rfschar f c...

Remove each fallback special character c for font f. Spaces need not separate c arguments. See fschar.

.rj

Break, right-align the output of the next productive input line without filling, then break again.

.rj npl

Break, right-align the output of the next npl productive input lines without filling, then break again. If npl ≤ 0, stop right-aligning.

.rm name ...

Remove each request, macro, diversion, or string name.

.rn old new

Rename request, macro, diversion, or string old to new.

.rnn reg1 reg2

Rename register reg1 to reg2.

.rr reg ...

Remove each register reg.

.rs

Restore spacing; disable no-space mode. See .ns.

.rt

Return (upward only) to vertical position marked by .mk on the current page.

.rt N

Return (upward only) to vertical position N (default scaling unit v).

.schar c

Define global fallback character c as empty.

.schar c contents

Define global fallback character c as contents. As char, but GNU troff locates a character defined with schar after any fonts named as arguments to the “special” request and before any mounted special fonts.

.shc

Reset the soft hyphen character to \[hy].

.shc c

Set the soft hyphen character to c.

.shift

Shift macro or string parameters one place n places: argument i becomes argument i-1; argument 1 becomes unavailable.

.shift n

Shift macro or string parameters n places: argument i becomes argument i-n; arguments 1 to n become unavailable.

.sizes s1 s2 ... sn [0]

Set available type sizes to the list of values or ranges; each si is interpreted in units of scaled points (s). GNU troff strips a leading neutral double quote from s1; it reads each si in copy mode.

.so file

Replace the request's control line with the contents of file, “sourcing” it. GNU troff searches for file in any directories specified by -I command-line options, followed by the current working directory. If file does not exist, the formatter ignores the request. (GNU troff emits a warning in category “file”.)

.soquiet file

As ”so”, but no warning is emitted if file does not exist.

.sp

Break and move the next text baseline down by one vee, or until springing a page location trap. If invoked with the no-break control character, sp moves the text baseline applicable to the entire pending output line.

.sp vertical-distance

As sp, but move by vertical-distance instead of 1v. Inside a diversion, the formatter ignores any argument. A negative vertical-distance cannot reduce the position of the text baseline below zero. Applying the boundary-relative measurement operator | operator to vertical-distance, as in “|N”, moves to a position relative to the page top for positive N, and the bottom if N is negative.

.special

Empty the list of special fonts designated by this request when given arguments.

.special s ...

Declare each font s as special, irrespective of its description file, populating a list that GNU troff searches, in order, to find the glyph demanded. GNU troff searches fonts specified as arguments to the “special” request after those given as arguments to the fspecial request.

.spreadwarn

Toggle the spread warning on and off (the default) without changing its value.

.spreadwarn N

Emit a break warning if the additional space inserted for each space between words in an adjusted output line is greater than or equal to N. A negative N is treated as 0. The default scaling unit is m. At startup, spreadwarn is inactive and N is 3 m.

.ss n

Set minimum inter-word space and supplemental inter-sentence space sizes to n 12ths of the selected font's spacewidth parameter (default: 12).

.ss n m

As “.ss n”, but set supplemental inter-sentence space size to m 12ths of the selected font's spacewidth parameter.

.stringdown str

Replace each byte in the string named str with its lowercase version.

.stringup str

Replace each byte in the string named str with its uppercase version.

.sty pos style

Associate abstract style with non-negative font position pos.

.substring str start [end]

Replace the string named str with its substring bounded by the indices start and end, inclusive. Negative indices count backward from the end of the string.

.sv

As ne, but save 1 v for output with os request.

.sv d

As ne, but save distance d for later output with os request (default scaling unit v).

.sy command

Execute command (which is read in copy mode) in the operating environment by passing it to system(3). See register systat. Unsafe request; disabled by default.

.ta

Clear tab stops.

.ta n1 n2 ... nn T r1 r2 ... rn

Set tabs at positions n1, n2, ..., nn, then set tabs at nn+m×rn+r1 through nn+m×rn+rn, where m increments from 0, 1, 2, ... to the output line length. Each n argument can be prefixed with a “+” to place the tab stop ni at a distance relative to the previous, n(i-1). Each argument ni or ri can be suffixed with a letter to align text within the tab column bounded by tab stops i and i+1; “L” for left-aligned (the default), “C” for centered, and “R” for right-aligned.

.tag

Reserved for internal use.

.taga

Reserved for internal use.

.tc

Unset tab repetition character.

.tc c

Set tab repetition character to c (default: none).

.ti ±N

Temporarily indent next output line (default scaling unit m).

.tkf font s1 n1 s2 n2

Enable track kerning for font.

.tl 'left'center'right'

Format three-part title.

.tm

Write a newline to the standard error stream.

.tm terminal-message

Send terminal-message, followed by a newline, to the standard error stream. The formatter reads the argument to the end of the input line in copy mode, but does not remove a leading double quote; contrast .tm1.

.tm1

As tm.

.tm1 message

As tm, but removes a leading neutral double quote ‘"’ from message, permitting initial embedded spaces in it, and reads it to the end of the input line in copy mode.

.tmc

No operation.

.tmc message

As tm1, but does not append a newline.

.tr abcd...

Translate ordinary or special characters a to b, c to d, and so on prior to output.

.trf file

Break and copy contents of file as “throughput” to GNU troff output (see groff_out(5)). Unlike cf, characters invalid as input to GNU troff are discarded. If file's contents do not end with a newline, trf appends one.

.trin abcd...

As tr, except that asciify ignores the translation when a diversion is interpolated.

.trnt abcd...

As tr, except that translations are suppressed in the argument to \!.

.troff

Make the conditional expressions t true and n false.

.uf font

Set underline font used by ul to font.

.ul

Underline (italicize in troff mode) the output of the next productive input line.

.ul npl

Underline (italicize in troff mode) the output of the next npl productive input line. If npl=0, stop underlining.

.unformat div

Unformat space characters and tabs in diversion div, preserving font information.

.vpt

Enable vertical position traps. They are enabled by default.

.vpt b

Enable or disable vertical position traps per Boolean expression b.

.vs

Change to previous vertical spacing.

.vs ±N

Set vertical spacing to ±N (default scaling unit p).

.warn

Enable all warning categories.

.warn 0

Disable all warning categories.

.warn n

Enable warnings in categories whose codes sum to n; see troff(1).

.warnscale scaling-unit

Select scaling unit used in certain warnings (one of u, i, c, p, or P; default: i). Ignored on nroff-mode output devices, for which these diagnostics report the vertical page location in lines, and the horizontal page location in ens.

.wh vertical-position

Remove visible page location trap at vertical-position (default scaling unit v).

.wh vertical-position mac

Plant macro mac as page location trap at vertical-position (default scaling unit v), removing any visible trap already there.

.while cond-expr

Interpolate newlines unless and until cond-expr evaluates false.

.while cond-expr input

Repeatedly execute input unless and until cond-expr evaluates false.

.write stream character-sequence

Write character-sequence, a sequence of ordinary characters, spaces, or tabs, to stream, which must previously have been the subject of an “open” (or opena) request, followed by a newline. GNU troff flushes the stream after writing to it.

.writec stream character-sequence

As ”write”, but does not write a newline to the output.

.writem stream name

Write the contents of the macro or string name to stream, which must previously have been the subject of an “open” (or opena) request. GNU troff reads the contents of name in copy mode.

Escape sequence short reference

The escape sequences \", \#, \$, \*, \?, \a, \e, \n, \t, \g, \V, and \newline are interpreted even in copy mode.

The escape sequences \f, \F, \H, \m, \M, \R, \s, and \S are not tokenized when GNU troff reads its input. \R updates only the formatter's register dictionary, and does not contribute (directly) to output. The others alter the environment (see section “Environments” below). See the “GNU troff Internals” section of the groff Texinfo manual.

\"

Comment; read everything up to the next newline in copy mode and discard it.

\#

Whole-line comment; read everything up to and including the next newline in copy mode and discard it.

\*s

Interpolate string with one-character name s.

\*(st

Interpolate string with two-character name st.

\*[string]

Interpolate string with name string (of arbitrary length).

\*[string arg ...]

Interpolate string with name string (of arbitrary length), taking arg ... as arguments.

\$0

Interpolate name by which currently executing macro was invoked.

\$n

Interpolate macro or string parameter numbered n (1≤n≤9).

\$(nn

Interpolate macro or string parameter numbered nn (01≤nn≤99).

\$[nnn]

Interpolate macro or string parameter numbered nnn (nnn≥1).

\$*

Interpolate catenation of all macro or string parameters, separated by spaces.

\$@

Interpolate catenation of all macro or string parameters, with each surrounded by double quotes and separated by spaces.

\$^

Interpolate catenation of all macro or string parameters as if they were arguments to the ds request.

\'

is a synonym for \[aa], the acute accent special character.

\`

is a synonym for \[ga], the grave accent special character.

\-

is a synonym for \[-], the minus sign special character.

\_

is a synonym for \[ul], the underrule special character.

\%

Mark a hyphenation point within a word. At the beginning of a word, prevent it from being otherwise hyphenated.

\!character-sequence

Transparently embed character-sequence, up to and including the end of the line, into the current diversion, requests, macro calls, and escape sequences when reading them into a diversion. Doing so prevents them from taking effect until the diverted text is actually output.

\?character-sequence\?

Transparently embed character-sequence, up to its own next occurrence on the input line, into a diversion, or unformatted as an output comparand in a conditional expression. Ignored in the top-level diversion.

\space

Move right one inter-word space.

\~

Insert an unbreakable, adjustable space.

\0

Move right by the width of a numeral in the current font.

\|

Move one-sixth em to the right on typesetters.

\^

Move one-twelfth em to the right on typesetters.

\&

Interpolate a dummy character.

\)

Interpolate a dummy character that is transparent to end-of-sentence recognition.

\/

Apply italic correction. Use between an immediately adjacent oblique glyph on the left and an upright glyph on the right.

\,

Apply left italic correction. Use between an immediately adjacent upright glyph on the left and an oblique glyph on the right.

\:

Non-printing break point (similar to \%, but never produces a hyphen glyph).

\newline

Continue current input line on the next.

\{

Begin conditional input.

\}

End conditional input.

\(sc

Interpolate glyph of special character with two-character identifier sc.

\[spchar]

Interpolate glyph of special character with identifier spchar (of arbitrary length).

\[base-char comp ...]

Interpolate composite glyph constructed from base-char and each component comp.

\[charnnn]

Interpolate glyph of eight-bit encoded character nnn, where 0≤nnn≤255.

\[unnnn[n[n]]]

Interpolate glyph of Unicode character with code point nnnn[n[n]] in uppercase hexadecimal.

\[ubase-char[_combining-component]...]

Interpolate composite glyph from Unicode character base-char and combining-components.

\a

Interpolate a leader in copy mode.

\A'input'

Interpolate 1 if input is a valid identifier, and 0 otherwise. Because GNU troff ignores any input character with an invalid code when reading it, invalid identifiers are empty or contain spaces, tabs, newlines, or escape sequences that interpolate something other than a sequence of ordinary characters.

\b'string'

Build bracket: pile a sequence of glyphs corresponding to each character in string vertically, and center it vertically on the output line.

\B'input'

Interpolate 1 if input is a valid numeric expression, and 0 otherwise.

\c

Continue output line at next input line.

\C'glyph'

As \[glyph], but compatible with other troff implementations.

\d

Move downward ½ em on typesetters.

\D'drawing-command'

See subsection “Drawing commands” below.

\e

Interpolate the escape character.

\E

As \e, but not interpreted in copy mode.

\fP

Select previous font mounting position (abstract style or font); same as “.ft” or “.ft P”.

\fF

Select font mounting position, abstract style, or font with one-character name or one-digit position F. F cannot be P.

\f(ft

Select font mounting position, abstract style, or font with two-character name or two-digit position ft.

\f[font]

Select font mounting position, abstract style, or font with arbitrarily long name or position font. font cannot be P.

\f[]

Select previous font mounting position (abstract style or font).

\Ff

Set default font family to that with one-character name f.

\F(fm

Set default font family to that with two-character name fm.

\F[fam]

Set default font family to that with arbitrarily long name fam.

\F[]

Set default font family to previous value.

\gr

Interpolate format of register with one-character name r.

\g(rg

Interpolate format of register with two-character name rg.

\g[reg]

Interpolate format of register with arbitrarily long name reg.

\h'N'

Horizontally move the drawing position by N ems (or specified units); | may be used. Positive motion is rightward.

\H'N'

Set (increment, decrement) the height of the current font, but not its width. If N is zero, the formatter uses the font's inherent height for its type size default scaling unit z).

\kr

Store the horizontal drawing position, relative to that corresponding to the start of the input line (ignoring page offset and indentation), in register name r.

\k(rg

Store the horizontal drawing position, relative to that corresponding to the start of the input line (ignoring page offset and indentation), in register name rg.

\k[reg]

Store the horizontal drawing position, relative to that corresponding to the start of the input line (ignoring page offset and indentation), in register name reg.

\l'N[c]'

Draw horizontal line of length N with character c (default: \[ru]; default scaling unit m).

\L'N[c]'

Draw vertical line of length N with character c (default: \[br]; default scaling unit v).

\mc

Select stroke color with one-character name c.

\m(cl

Select stroke color with two-character name cl.

\m[color]

Select stroke color with arbitrarily long name color.

\m[]

Restore previous stroke color.

\Mc

Select fill color with one-character name c.

\M(cl

Select fill color with two-character name cl.

\M[color]

Select fill color with arbitrarily long name color.

\M[]

Restore previous fill color.

\nr

Interpolate value of register with one-character name r.

\n(rg

Interpolate value of register with two-character name rg.

\n[reg]

Interpolate value of register with arbitrarily long name reg.

\N'n'

Format indexed character numbered n in the current font.

\o'abc...'

Overstrike centered glyphs of characters a, b, c, and so on.

\O0

At the outermost suppression level, disable emission of glyphs and geometric objects to the output driver.

\O1

At the outermost suppression level, enable emission of glyphs and geometric objects to the output driver.

\O2

At the outermost suppression level, enable glyph and geometric primitive emission to the output driver and write to the standard error stream the page number, four bounding box registers enclosing glyphs written since the previous \O escape sequence, the page offset, line length, image file name (if any), horizontal and vertical device motion quanta, and input file name.

\O3

Begin a nested suppression level.

\O4

End a nested suppression level.

\O[5Pfile]

At the outermost suppression level, write the name file to the standard error stream at position P, which must be one of l, r, c, or i.

\p

Break output line at next word boundary; adjust if applicable.

\r

Move “in reverse” (upward) 1 em.

\R'name ±N'

Set, increment, or decrement register name by N.

\s±N

Set/increase/decrease the type size to/by N scaled points. N must be a single digit. If n is an unsigned “0”, restore the previous size. (In compatibility mode only, a non-zero N must be in the range 4–39.) Otherwise, as ps request.

\s(±N

\s±(N

Set/increase/decrease the type size to/by N scaled points; N is a two-digit number ≥1. If n is an unsigned “00”, restore the previous size. Otherwise, as ps request.

\s[±N]

\s±[N]

\s'±N'

\s±'N'

Set/increase/decrease the type size to/by N scaled points. If n is an unsigned “0” (with any number of leading zeroes), restore the previous size. Otherwise, as ps request.

\S'N'

Slant the glyphs of the currently selected font by @var{N} degrees. Positive values slant in the direction of text flow. Only integer values are possible.

\t

Interpolate a tab in copy mode.

\u

Move upward ½ em on typesetters.

\v'N'

Vertically move the drawing position by N vees (or specified units); | may be used. Positive motion is downward.

\Ve

Interpolate value of system environment variable with one-character name e as returned by getenv(3).

\V(ev

Interpolate value of system environment variable with two-character name ev as returned by getenv(3).

\V[env]

Interpolate value of system environment variable with arbitrarily long name env as returned by getenv(3).

\w'input'

Interpolate the width of input, as interpreted, in basic units. This escape sequence allows several properties of formatted output to be measured without writing it out. The formatter processes input in a dummy environment: this means that font and type size changes, for example, may occur within it without affecting subsequent output.

\x'N'

Increase vertical spacing of pending output line by N vees (or specified units; negative before, positive after).

\X'character-sequence'

Write character-sequence to troff output as a device extension command. The groff special character repertoire is unknown to output drivers outside of glyphs named in a device's fonts, and even then they may not possess complete coverage of the names documented in groff_char(7). Further, escape sequences that produce horizontal or vertical motions, hyphenation breaks, or that are dummy characters may appear in strings or be converted to nodes, particularly in diversions. These are not representable when interpolated directly into device-independent output, as might be done when writing out tag names for PDF bookmarks, which can appear in a viewer's navigation pane.

So that documents or macro packages do not have to laboriously “sanitize” strings destined for interpolation in device extension commands, this escape sequence performs certain transformations on its argument. For these transformations, character translations and definitions are ignored.

GNU troff converts several ordinary characters that typeset as non-basic Latin code points to code points outside that range so that they are used consistently whether they are formatted as glyphs or used in a device control command argument. These ordinary characters are “'”, “-”, “^”, “`”, and “~”; others are written as-is.

Special characters that typeset as Unicode basic Latin characters are translated to basic Latin characters accordingly. So that any Unicode code point can be represented in device extension commands, for example in an author's name in document metadata or as a usefully named bookmark or hyperlink anchor, GNU troff maps other special characters to Unicode special character notation. Special characters without a Unicode representation, and escape sequences that do not interpolate a sequence of ordinary and/or special characters, produce warnings in category “char”.

\Yn

Write contents of macro or string n to troff output as a device extension command.

\Y(nm

Write contents of macro or string nm to troff output as a device extension command.

\Y[name]

Write contents of macro or string name to troff output as a device extension command.

\zc

Format character c with zero width—without advancing the drawing position.

\Z'input'

Save the drawing position, format input, then restore it. GNU troff ignores tabs and leaders in input with an error diagnostic.

Strings

groff supports strings primarily for user convenience. Conventionally, if one would define a macro only to interpolate a small amount of text, without invoking requests or calling any other macros, one defines a string instead. Only one string is predefined by the language.

\*[.T]

Contains the name of the output device (for example, “utf8” or “pdf”).

The ds request creates a string with a specified name and contents. If the identifier named by ds already exists as an alias, the target of the alias is redefined. If ds is invoked with only one argument, the named string becomes empty. The formatter removes a leading neutral double quote ‘"’ from contents to permit the embedding of leading spaces. It interprets any other ‘"’ literally, but the wise author uses the special character escape sequence \[dq] instead if the string might be interpolated as part of a macro argument; see section “Calling macros” above.

The \* escape sequence dereferences a string's name, interpolating its contents. If the name does not exist, the formatter defines it as empty, interpolates nothing, and emits a warning in category “mac”. See section “Warnings” in troff(1). The bracketed interpolation form accepts arguments that are handled as macro arguments are; see section “Calling macros” above. In contrast to macro calls, an argument containing a closing bracket ] must be enclosed in double quotes. When defining strings, argument interpolations must be escaped if they are to reference parameters from the calling context; see section “Parameters” below. Any non-initial neutral double quote " is interpreted literally, but it is wise to use the special character escape sequence \[dq] instead if the string might be interpolated as part of a macro argument; see section “Calling macros” above. Strings are not limited to a single input line of text. \newline works just as it does elsewhere. The resulting string is stored without the newlines. When filling is disabled, care is required to avoid overrunning the line length when interpolating strings. Conversely, when filling is enabled, it is not necessary to append \c to a string interpolation to prevent a break afterward, as might be required in a macro argument. Nor does a string require use of the GNU troff chop request to excise a trailing newline as is often done with diversions. It is not possible to embed a newline in a string that will be interpreted as such when the string is interpolated. To achieve that effect, use \* to interpolate a macro instead; see section “Punning names” below.

The “as” request is similar to ds but appends to a string instead of redefining it. If “as” is invoked with only one argument, no operation is performed (beyond dereferencing the string).

Because strings are similar to macros, they too can be defined to suppress AT&T troff compatibility mode enablement when interpolated; see section “Compatibility mode” below. The ds1 request defines a string that suspends compatibility mode when the string is later interpolated. as1 is likewise similar to “as”, with compatibility mode suspended when the appended portion of the string is later interpolated.

Caution: These requests treat the remainder of the input line as their second argument, including any spaces, up to a newline or comment escape sequence. Ending string definitions (and appendments) with a comment, even an empty one, prevents unwanted space from creeping into them during source document maintenance. This rule and suggestion also applies to the second argument of the “length” request, to requests that define characters (char, fchar, fschar, and schar), and to the file name or command arguments of the cf, hpf, hpfa, mso, msoquiet, nx, “open”, opena, pi, pso, “so”, soquiet, and trf requests.

Several requests exist to perform rudimentary string operations. Strings can be queried (length) and modified (chop, substring, stringup, stringdown), and their names can be manipulated through renaming, removal, and aliasing (rn, rm, als).

Redefinitions and appendments “write through” request, macro, string, and diversion names. To replace an aliased object with a separately defined one, you must use the rm request on its name first.

Registers

In the roff language, numbers and measurements can be stored in registers. Many built-in registers exist, supplying anything from components of the date to details of formatting parameters; some of these are read-only. You can also define your own. See section “Identifiers” above regarding the construction of valid names for registers.

Each register (except read-only ones) can be assigned a format, causing its value to interpolate with leading zeroes, in Roman numerals, or alphabetically. Some read-only registers are string-valued, meaning that they interpolate text and lack a format.

Define registers and update their values with the nr request or the \R escape sequence.

User-defined registers can also be incremented or decremented by a configured amount at the time they are interpolated. The value of the increment is specified with a third argument to the nr request, and a special interpolation syntax, \n±, alters and then retrieves the register's value. Together, these features are called auto-increment. (A negative auto-increment can be considered an “auto-decrement”.)

Many predefined registers are available. The following presentation uses register interpolation syntax \n[name] to refer to a register name to clearly distinguish it from a string or request name; the symbols \n[] are not part of the register name. The register name space is separate from that used for requests, macros, strings, and diversions.

Using fonts

In digital typography, a font is a collection of characters in a specific typeface that a device can render as glyphs at a desired size. (Terminals and some typesetters have fonts that render at only one or two sizes. As examples, take the groff lj4 device's Lineprinter, and lbp's Courier and Elite faces.) A roff formatter can change typefaces at any point in the text. The basic faces are a set of styles combining upright and slanted shapes with normal and heavy stroke weights: “R”, “I”, “B”, and “BI”—these stand for roman, bold, italic, and bold-italic. For linguistic text, GNU troff groups typefaces into families containing each of these styles. (Font designers prepare families such that the styles share esthetic properties.) A text font is thus often a family combined with a style, but it need not be: consider the ps and pdf devices' ZCMI (Zapf Chancery Medium italic)—often, no other style of Zapf Chancery Medium is provided. On typesetters, at least one special font is available, comprising unstyled glyphs for mathematical operators and other purposes.

Like the AT&T troff formatter, GNU troff does not itself load or manipulate a digital font file; instead it works with a font description file that characterizes it, including its glyph repertoire and the metrics (dimensions) of each glyph. This information permits the formatter to accurately place glyphs with respect to each other. Before using a font description, the formatter associates it with a mounting position, a place in an ordered list of available typefaces. So that a document need not be strongly coupled to a specific font family, in GNU troff an output device can associate a style in the abstract sense with a mounting position. Thus the default family can be combined with a style dynamically, producing a resolved font name. A user-specified font name that combines family and style, or refers to a font that is not a member of a family, is already “resolved”.

Fonts often have trademarked names, and even Free Software fonts can require renaming upon modification. groff maintains a convention that a device's serif font family is given the name T (“Times”), its sans-serif family H (“Helvetica”), and its monospaced family C (“Courier”). Historical inertia has driven groff's font identifiers to short uppercase abbreviations of font names, as with TR, TB, TI, TBI, and a special font S.

The default family used with abstract styles can be changed at any time; initially, it is T. Typically, abstract styles are arranged in the first four mounting positions in the order shown above. The default mounting position, and therefore style, is always 1 (R). By issuing appropriate formatter instructions, you can override these defaults before your document writes its first glyph.

Terminals cannot change font families and lack special fonts. They support style changes by overstriking, or by altering ISO 6429/ECMA-48 graphic renditions (character cell attributes).

The ft request and \f escape sequence select a typeface by name, abstract style, or mounting position. The fam request and \F escape sequence set the default font family. The ftr request translates one font name to another; fzoom magnifies or reduces the typeface corresponding to a resolved one. sty and fp associate abstract styles and font names with mounting positions.

Hyphenation

When filling, groff hyphenates words as needed at user-specified and automatically determined hyphenation points. Explicitly hyphenated words such as “mother-in-law” are always eligible for breaking after each of their hyphens. The hyphenation character \% and non-printing break point \: escape sequences may be used to control the hyphenation and breaking of individual words. The hw request sets user-defined hyphenation points for specified words at any subsequent occurrence. Otherwise, groff determines hyphenation points automatically by default.

Several requests influence automatic hyphenation. Because conventions vary, a variety of hyphenation modes is available to the hy request; these determine whether hyphenation will apply to a word prior to breaking a line at the end of a page (more or less; see below for details), and at which positions within that word automatically determined hyphenation points are permissible. The localization macro files loaded by troffrc configure a default hyphenation mode appropriate to the language.

0

disables hyphenation.

1

enables hyphenation except after the first and before the last character of a word.

The remaining values “imply” 1; that is, they enable hyphenation under the same conditions as “.hy 1”, and then apply or lift restrictions relative to that basis.

2

disables hyphenation of the last word on a page or column, even for explicitly hyphenated words. (Hyphenation is prevented if the next page location trap is closer to the vertical drawing position than the next text baseline would be. See section “Traps” below.)

4

disables hyphenation before the last two characters of a word.

8

disables hyphenation after the first two characters of a word.

16

enables hyphenation before the last character of a word.

32

enables hyphenation after the first character of a word.

Apart from value 2, restrictions imposed by the hyphenation mode are not respected for words whose hyphenations have been specified with the hyphenation character (“\%” by default) or the .hw request.

Nonzero values are additive. For example, mode 12 causes groff to hyphenate neither the last two nor the first two characters of a word. Some values cannot be used together because they contradict; for instance, values 4 and 16, and values 8 and 32. As noted, it is superfluous to add 1 to any non-zero even mode.

The places within a word that are eligible for hyphenation are determined by language-specific data (hla, hpf, and hpfa) and lettercase relationships (hcode and hpfcode). Furthermore, hyphenation of a word might be suppressed due to a limit on consecutive hyphenated lines (hlm), a minimum line length threshold (hym), or because the line can instead be adjusted with additional inter-word space (hys).

Localization

GNU troff ties the set of hyphenation patterns to the hyphenation language code selected by the hla request. The hpf request is usually invoked by a localization file loaded by the troffrc file. groff provides localization files for several languages; See subsection “Localization packages” of groff_tmac(5). For Western languages, the localization file sets the default hyphenation mode and loads hyphenation patterns and exceptions. By default, troffrc loads the localization file for English.

Writing macros

The .de request defines a macro named for its argument. If that name already exists as an alias, the target of the alias is redefined; see section “Strings” above. troff enters “copy mode” (see below), storing subsequent input lines as the definition. If the optional second argument is not specified, the definition ends with the control line “..” (two dots). Tabs and spaces are permitted between the dots. Alternatively, a second argument to .de names a macro whose call (or request whose invocation) syntax ends the definition; this end macro is then interpreted normally. Spaces or tabs are permitted after the first control character in the line containing this ending token, but a tab immediately after the token prevents its recognition as the end of a macro definition. Macro definitions can be nested if they use distinct end macros or if their ending tokens are sufficiently escaped. An end macro need not be defined until it is called. This fact enables a nested macro definition to begin inside one macro and end inside another.

Variants of .de disable compatibility mode and/or indirect the names of the macros specified for definition or termination: these are .de1, .dei, and .dei1. Append to macro definitions with .am, .am1, .ami, and .ami1. The .als, .rm, and .rn requests create an alias of, remove, and rename a macro, respectively. .return stops the execution of a macro immediately, returning to the enclosing context.

Traps

Traps are locations in the output, or conditions on the input that, when reached or fulfilled, call a specified macro. A vertical position trap calls a macro when the formatter's vertical drawing position reaches or passes, in the downward direction, a certain location on the output page or in a diversion. Its applications include setting page headers and footers, body text in multiple columns, and footnotes. These traps can occur at a given location either on the page (wh, ch) or in the current diversion (dt)—together, these are known as vertical position traps, which can be disabled and renabled (vpt).

A diversion is not formatted in the context of a page, so it lacks page location traps; instead it can have a diversion trap. There can exist at most one such vertical position trap per diversion.

Other kinds of trap can be planted at a blank line (blm); at a line with leading space characters (lsm); after a certain number of productive input lines (it, itc); or at the end of input (em).

Setting a trap is also called planting one. It is said that a trap is sprung if its condition is fulfilled.

The formatter passes no arguments to macros called by traps.

Registers associated with trap management include vertical position trap enablement status (\n[.vpt]), distance to the next trap (\n[.t]), and the name of that trap (\n[.trap]); the count of lines remaining in the pending input trap (\n[.it]), the name of the macro associated with it (\n[.itm]), and whether that input trap honors the \c output line continuation escape sequence (\n[.itc]); amount of needed (.ne-requested) space that caused the most recent vertical position trap to be sprung (\n[.ne]), amount of needed space truncated from the amount requested (\n[.trunc]); page ejection status (\n[.pe]); and leading space count (\n[lsn]) with its corresponding amount of motion (\n[lss]).

Diversions

In roff systems it is possible to format text as if for output, but instead of writing it immediately, one can divert the formatted text into a named storage area. It is retrieved later by specifying its name after a control character. The formatter uses the same name space for such diversions as for strings and macros; see section “Identifiers” above. Such text is sometimes said to be “stored in a macro”, but this coinage obscures the important distinction between macros and strings on one hand and diversions on the other; the former store unformatted input text, and the latter capture formatted output. Diversions also do not interpret arguments. Applications of diversions include footnotes, tables of contents, indices, and “keeps” (preventing a page break from occurring at an inconvenient place by forcing a set of output lines to be set as a group). For orthogonality it is said that GNU troff populates the top-level diversion if no diversion is active (that is, formatted output is being “diverted” directly to the output device). The top-level diversion has no name.

Dereferencing an undefined diversion creates an empty one of that name. (GNU troff also emits a warning in category “mac”; see section “Warnings” of troff(1).) A diversion does not exist for the purpose of testing with the d conditional expression operator until its initial definition ends; see subsection “Conditional expressions” above.

The di request creates a diversion, including any partially collected line. da appends to a diversion, creating one if it does not already exist. If the diversion's name already exists as an alias, the target of the alias is replaced or appended to; see section “Strings” above. The pending output line is diverted as well. Switching to another environment (with the ev request) before invoking di or da avoids including any pending output line in the diversion. (See section “Environments[” below.)

Invoking di or da without an argument stops diverting output to the diversion named by the most recent corresponding request. Invoking di or da without an argument when no diversion is being populated does nothing. (GNU troff emits a warning in category “di”; see section “Warnings” of troff(1).)

box and boxa work similarly, but ignore partially collected lines. Call any of these macros again without an argument to end the diversion.

Diversion requests can be nested. The registers .d and .z report information about the current diversion, and dn and dl about the most recently closed one. .h is meaningful in diversions, including the top-level one.

After output to a (named) diversion stops, the formatter stores its vertical and horizontal sizes, to the writable registers dn and dl, respectively. Only the lines just processed are counted: for the computation of dn and dl, the requests da and boxa are handled as if di and box had been used, respectively—lines that have been already stored in the diversion (box) are not taken into account.

The \! and \? escape sequences and output request escape from a diversion, the first two to the enclosing level and the last to the top level. This facility is termed transparent embedding.

The asciify and “unformat” requests reprocess diversions.

Punning names

Macros, strings, and diversions share a name space; see section “Identifiers” above. Internally, the same mechanism is used to store them. You can thus call a macro with string interpolation syntax and vice versa. Interpolating a string does not hide existing macro arguments. Place the sequence \\ at the end of a line in a macro definition or, within a macro definition, immediately after the interpolation of a macro as a string, to suppress the effect of a newline.

Environments

Environments store most of the parameters that control text processing. A default environment named “0” (zero) exists when exists when the formatter starts up; formatting-related requests and escape sequences modify its properties.

You can create new environments and switch among them. Only one is current at any given time. Active environments are managed using a stack, a data structure supporting “push” and “pop” operations. The current environment is at the top of the stack. The same environment name can be pushed onto the stack multiple times, possibly interleaved with others. Popping the environment stack does not destroy the current environment; it remains accessible by name and can be made current again by pushing it at any time. Environments cannot be renamed or deleted, and can only be modified when current. To inspect the environment stack, use the pev request; see section “Debugging” below.

Environments store the following information.

•

a partially collected line, if any

•

data about the most recently output glyph and line (registers .cdp, .cht, .csk, .n, .w)

•

typeface parameters (size, family, style, height and slant, inter-word and inter-sentence space sizes)

•

page parameters (line length, title length, vertical spacing, line spacing, indentation, line numbering, centering, right-alignment, underlining, hyphenation parameters)

•

filling enablement; adjustment enablement and mode

•

tab stops; tab, leader, escape, control, no-break control, hyphenation, and margin characters

•

input line traps

•

stroke and fill colors

The ev request (with an argument) pushes to and (without) pops from the environment stack, while evc copies a named environment's parameters to the current one.

Postprocessor access

Beyond the cf and trf requests, two escape sequences and two requests enable documents to pass information directly to a postprocessor. These are useful for exercising device-specific capabilities that the groff language does not abstract or generalize; examples include the embedding of hyperlinks and image files. Device-specific functions are documented in each output driver's man page, such as gropdf(1), grops(1), or grotty(1).

The “device” request and \X escape sequence embed their arguments into GNU troff output as parameters to an “x X” device extension command (see groff_out(5)). The interpretation of such parameters is determined by the output driver or other postprocessor.

GNU troff also permits the interpolation of macro or string contents as a device extension command. The devicem request and \Y escape sequence correspond to “.device \*[name]” and “\X'\*[name]”, respectively. They differ from their counterparts in that GNU troff does not interpret the contents of the string or macro name; further, name may be a macro and thus contain newlines. (There is no way to embed a newline in the arguments to “device” or \X.) The inclusion of newlines requires an extension to the AT&T troff device-independent page description language, and their presence confuses drivers that do not know about it (see subsection “Device control commands” of groff_out(5)).

Use of device extension commands early in a document (before the first text is formatted) can interfere with processing of page location traps. If you experience problems when placing them early, precede the first with a dummy character escape sequence “\&”; recall section “Dummy Characters” above.

The tag and taga requests are reserved for internal use.

Underlining

In RUNOFF (see roff(7)), underlining, even of lengthy passages, was straightforward because only fixed-pitch printing devices were targeted. Typesetter output posed a greater challenge. There exists a groff request .ul (see above) that underlines subsequent source lines on terminals, but on typesetters, it selects an italic font style instead. The ms macro package (see groff_ms(7)) offers a macro .UL, but it too produces the desired effect only on typesetters, and has other limitations.

One could adapt ms's approach to the construction of a macro as follows.

.de UNDERLINE
. ie n \\$1\f[I]\\$2\f[P]\\$3
. el \\$1\Z'\\$2'\v'.25m'\D'l \w'\\$2'u 0'\v'-.25m'\\$3
..

.ds u1 before
.ds u2 in
.ds u3 after
.ie n \*[u1]\f[I]\*[u2]\f[P]\*[u3]
.el \*[u1]\Z'\*[u2]'\v'.25m'\D'l \w'\*[u2]'u 0'\v'-.25m'\*[u3]

.ds u1 before
.ds u2 in
.ds u3 after
.ie n \*[u1]\fI\*(u2\fP\*(u3
.el \*(u1\Z'\*(u2'\v'.25m'\D'l \w'\*(u2'u 0'\v'-.25m'\*(u3

.nf
\&\fB: ${\fIvar\fR\c
\zo\(ul\
\zp\(ul\c
\&\fIvalue\fB}
.fi

: ${var
__
value}

Compatibility mode

groff_diff(7) documents differences between the roff language recognized by GNU troff and that of AT&T troff, as well as the device, font, and device-independent page description formats described by CSTR #54. GNU troff provides an AT&T troff compatibility mode. The cp request and registers .C and .cp set and test the enablement of this mode.

Debugging

Preprocessors use the lf request to preserve the identities of line numbers and names of input files. groff emits a variety of error diagnostics and supports several categories of warning; the output of these can be selectively suppressed with “warn” (and see the -E, -w, and -W options of troff(1)). A trace of the formatter's input processing stack can be emitted when errors or warnings occur by means of troff(1)'s -b option, or produced on demand with the backtrace request. tm, tmc, and tm1 can be used to emit customized diagnostic messages or for instrumentation while troubleshooting. ex and ab cause early termination with successful and error exit codes respectively, to halt further processing when continuing would be fruitless. Examine the state of the formatter with requests that write lists of defined names—macros, strings, and diversions—(pm); characters (pchar; experimental); colors (pcolor); composite character mappings (pcomposite); environments (pev); occupied font mounting positions (pfp); font translations (pftr); automatic hyphenation codes (pchar) and exceptions (phw); registers (pnr); open streams (pstream); and page location traps (pwh). Requests can also disclose to the standard error stream the internal properties and representations of characters and classes (pchar), macros (and strings and diversions) (pm), and the list of output nodes corresponding to the pending input line (pline).

Authors

This document was written by Trent A. Fisher, Werner Lemberg, and G. Branden Robinson. Section “Underlining” was primarily written by Bernd Warken.

See also

Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and Werner Lemberg, is the primary groff manual. You can browse it interactively with “info groff”.

“Troff User's Manual” by Joseph F. Ossanna, 1976 (revised by Brian W. Kernighan, 1992), AT&T Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report No. 54, widely called simply “CSTR #54”, documents the language, device and font description file formats, and device-independent page description language referred to collectively in groff documentation as “AT&T troff”.

“A Typesetter-independent TROFF” by Brian W. Kernighan, 1982, AT&T Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report No. 97 (CSTR #97), provides additional insights into the device and font description file formats and device-independent page description language.

groff(1)

is the preferred interface to the groff system; it manages the pipeline that carries a source document through preprocessors, the troff formatter, and an output driver to viewable or printable form. It also exhaustively lists the man pages provided with the GNU roff system.

groff_char(7)

discusses character encoding issues and escape sequences that produce glyphs.

groff_diff(7)

covers differences between the GNU troff formatter, its device and font description file formats, its device-independent page description language, and those of AT&T troff.

groff_font(5)

describes the formats of the files that describe devices (DESC) and fonts.

groff_tmac(5)

surveys macro packages provided with groff, describes how documents can take advantage of them, offers guidance on writing macro packages and using diversions, and includes historical information.

roff(7)

presents a detailed history of roff systems and summarizes concepts common to them.