'\" t
.TH "SYSTEMD\-VMSPAWN" "1" "" "systemd 255" "systemd-vmspawn"
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.SH "NAME"
systemd-vmspawn \- Spawn an OS in a virtual machine
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.HP \w'\fBsystemd\-vmspawn\fR\ 'u
\fBsystemd\-vmspawn\fR [OPTIONS...] [ARGS...]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
\fBsystemd\-vmspawn\fR
may be used to start a virtual machine from an OS image\&. In many ways it is similar to
\fBsystemd-nspawn\fR(1), but it launches a full virtual machine instead of using namespaces\&.
.PP
Note: on Ubuntu/Debian derivatives systemd\-vmspawn requires the user to be in the
"kvm"
group to use the VSock options\&.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.PP
The excess arguments are passed as extra kernel command line arguments using SMBIOS\&.
.PP
The following options are understood:
.SS "Image Options"
.PP
\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-directory=\fR
.RS 4
Directory to use as file system root for the virtual machine\&.
.sp
One of either
\fB\-\-directory=\fR
or
\fB\-\-image=\fR
must be specified\&. If neither are specified
\fB\-\-directory=\&.\fR
is assumed\&.
.sp
Note: If mounting a non\-root owned directory you may require
\fB\-\-private\-users=\fR
to map into the user\*(Aqs subuid namespace\&. An example of how to use
\fB/etc/subuid\fR
for this is given later\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-image=\fR
.RS 4
Root file system disk image (or device node) for the virtual machine\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.SS "Host Configuration"
.PP
\fB\-\-qemu\-smp=\fR\fISMP\fR
.RS 4
Configures the number of CPUs to start the virtual machine with\&. Defaults to 1\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-qemu\-mem=\fR\fIMEM\fR
.RS 4
Configures the amount of memory to start the virtual machine with\&. Defaults to 2G\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-qemu\-kvm=\fR\fIBOOL\fR
.RS 4
Configures whether to use KVM\&. If the option is not specified KVM support will be detected automatically\&. If true, KVM is always used, and if false, KVM is never used\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-qemu\-vsock=\fR\fIBOOL\fR
.RS 4
Configure whether to use VSock networking\&.
.sp
If the option is not specified VSock support will be detected automatically\&. If yes is specified VSocks are always used, and vice versa if no is set VSocks are never used\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-vsock\-cid=\fR\fICID\fR
.RS 4
Configure vmspawn to use a specific CID for the guest\&.
.sp
If the option is not specified or an empty argument is supplied the guest will be assigned a random CID\&.
.sp
Valid CIDs are in the range
\fB3\fR
to
\fB4294967294\fR
(\fB0xFFFF_FFFE\fR)\&. CIDs outside of this range are reserved\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-qemu\-gui\fR
.RS 4
Start QEMU in graphical mode\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-secure\-boot=\fR\fIBOOL\fR
.RS 4
Configure whether to search for firmware which supports Secure Boot\&.
.sp
If the option is not specified the first firmware which is detected will be used\&. If the option is set to yes then the first firmware with Secure Boot support will be selected\&. If no is specified then the first firmware without Secure Boot will be selected\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.SS "System Identity Options"
.PP
\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-machine=\fR
.RS 4
Sets the machine name for this container\&. This name may be used to identify this container during its runtime (for example in tools like
\fBmachinectl\fR(1)
and similar)\&.
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.SS "Credentials"
.PP
\fB\-\-load\-credential=\fR\fIID\fR:\fIPATH\fR, \fB\-\-set\-credential=\fR\fIID\fR:\fIVALUE\fR
.RS 4
Pass a credential to the container\&. These two options correspond to the
\fILoadCredential=\fR
and
\fISetCredential=\fR
settings in unit files\&. See
\fBsystemd.exec\fR(5)
for details about these concepts, as well as the syntax of the option\*(Aqs arguments\&.
.sp
In order to embed binary data into the credential data for
\fB\-\-set\-credential=\fR, use C\-style escaping (i\&.e\&.
"\en"
to embed a newline, or
"\ex00"
to embed a
\fBNUL\fR
byte)\&. Note that the invoking shell might already apply unescaping once, hence this might require double escaping!
.sp
Added in version 255\&.
.RE
.SS "Other"
.PP
\fB\-\-no\-pager\fR
.RS 4
Do not pipe output into a pager\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
.RS 4
Print a short help text and exit\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-version\fR
.RS 4
Print a short version string and exit\&.
.RE
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL\fR
.RS 4
The maximum log level of emitted messages (messages with a higher log level, i\&.e\&. less important ones, will be suppressed)\&. Either one of (in order of decreasing importance)
\fBemerg\fR,
\fBalert\fR,
\fBcrit\fR,
\fBerr\fR,
\fBwarning\fR,
\fBnotice\fR,
\fBinfo\fR,
\fBdebug\fR, or an integer in the range 0\&...7\&. See
\fBsyslog\fR(3)
for more information\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR\fR
.RS 4
A boolean\&. If true, messages written to the tty will be colored according to priority\&.
.sp
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal, because
\fBjournalctl\fR(1)
and other tools that display logs will color messages based on the log level on their own\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME\fR
.RS 4
A boolean\&. If true, console log messages will be prefixed with a timestamp\&.
.sp
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal or a file, because
\fBjournalctl\fR(1)
and other tools that display logs will attach timestamps based on the entry metadata on their own\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION\fR
.RS 4
A boolean\&. If true, messages will be prefixed with a filename and line number in the source code where the message originates\&.
.sp
Note that the log location is often attached as metadata to journal entries anyway\&. Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when debugging programs\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_TID\fR
.RS 4
A boolean\&. If true, messages will be prefixed with the current numerical thread ID (TID)\&.
.sp
Note that the this information is attached as metadata to journal entries anyway\&. Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when debugging programs\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET\fR
.RS 4
The destination for log messages\&. One of
\fBconsole\fR
(log to the attached tty),
\fBconsole\-prefixed\fR
(log to the attached tty but with prefixes encoding the log level and "facility", see
\fBsyslog\fR(3),
\fBkmsg\fR
(log to the kernel circular log buffer),
\fBjournal\fR
(log to the journal),
\fBjournal\-or\-kmsg\fR
(log to the journal if available, and to kmsg otherwise),
\fBauto\fR
(determine the appropriate log target automatically, the default),
\fBnull\fR
(disable log output)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_RATELIMIT_KMSG\fR
.RS 4
Whether to ratelimit kmsg or not\&. Takes a boolean\&. Defaults to
"true"\&. If disabled, systemd will not ratelimit messages written to kmsg\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGER\fR
.RS 4
Pager to use when
\fB\-\-no\-pager\fR
is not given; overrides
\fI$PAGER\fR\&. If neither
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGER\fR
nor
\fI$PAGER\fR
are set, a set of well\-known pager implementations are tried in turn, including
\fBless\fR(1)
and
\fBmore\fR(1), until one is found\&. If no pager implementation is discovered no pager is invoked\&. Setting this environment variable to an empty string or the value
"cat"
is equivalent to passing
\fB\-\-no\-pager\fR\&.
.sp
Note: if
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
is not set,
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGER\fR
(as well as
\fI$PAGER\fR) will be silently ignored\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LESS\fR
.RS 4
Override the options passed to
\fBless\fR
(by default
"FRSXMK")\&.
.sp
Users might want to change two options in particular:
.PP
\fBK\fR
.RS 4
This option instructs the pager to exit immediately when
Ctrl+C
is pressed\&. To allow
\fBless\fR
to handle
Ctrl+C
itself to switch back to the pager command prompt, unset this option\&.
.sp
If the value of
\fI$SYSTEMD_LESS\fR
does not include
"K", and the pager that is invoked is
\fBless\fR,
Ctrl+C
will be ignored by the executable, and needs to be handled by the pager\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBX\fR
.RS 4
This option instructs the pager to not send termcap initialization and deinitialization strings to the terminal\&. It is set by default to allow command output to remain visible in the terminal even after the pager exits\&. Nevertheless, this prevents some pager functionality from working, in particular paged output cannot be scrolled with the mouse\&.
.RE
.sp
Note that setting the regular
\fI$LESS\fR
environment variable has no effect for
\fBless\fR
invocations by systemd tools\&.
.sp
See
\fBless\fR(1)
for more discussion\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET\fR
.RS 4
Override the charset passed to
\fBless\fR
(by default
"utf\-8", if the invoking terminal is determined to be UTF\-8 compatible)\&.
.sp
Note that setting the regular
\fI$LESSCHARSET\fR
environment variable has no effect for
\fBless\fR
invocations by systemd tools\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
.RS 4
Takes a boolean argument\&. When true, the "secure" mode of the pager is enabled; if false, disabled\&. If
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
is not set at all, secure mode is enabled if the effective UID is not the same as the owner of the login session, see
\fBgeteuid\fR(2)
and
\fBsd_pid_get_owner_uid\fR(3)\&. In secure mode,
\fBLESSSECURE=1\fR
will be set when invoking the pager, and the pager shall disable commands that open or create new files or start new subprocesses\&. When
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
is not set at all, pagers which are not known to implement secure mode will not be used\&. (Currently only
\fBless\fR(1)
implements secure mode\&.)
.sp
Note: when commands are invoked with elevated privileges, for example under
\fBsudo\fR(8)
or
\fBpkexec\fR(1), care must be taken to ensure that unintended interactive features are not enabled\&. "Secure" mode for the pager may be enabled automatically as describe above\&. Setting
\fISYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0\fR
or not removing it from the inherited environment allows the user to invoke arbitrary commands\&. Note that if the
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGER\fR
or
\fI$PAGER\fR
variables are to be honoured,
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
must be set too\&. It might be reasonable to completely disable the pager using
\fB\-\-no\-pager\fR
instead\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_COLORS\fR
.RS 4
Takes a boolean argument\&. When true,
\fBsystemd\fR
and related utilities will use colors in their output, otherwise the output will be monochrome\&. Additionally, the variable can take one of the following special values:
"16",
"256"
to restrict the use of colors to the base 16 or 256 ANSI colors, respectively\&. This can be specified to override the automatic decision based on
\fI$TERM\fR
and what the console is connected to\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_URLIFY\fR
.RS 4
The value must be a boolean\&. Controls whether clickable links should be generated in the output for terminal emulators supporting this\&. This can be specified to override the decision that
\fBsystemd\fR
makes based on
\fI$TERM\fR
and other conditions\&.
.RE
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.PP
\fBExample\ \&1.\ \&Run an Arch Linux VM image generated by mkosi\fR
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
$ mkosi \-d arch \-p systemd \-p linux \-\-autologin \-o image\&.raw \-f build
$ systemd\-vmspawn \-\-image=image\&.raw
      
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.SH "EXIT STATUS"
.PP
If an error occurred the value errno is propagated to the return code\&. If EXIT_STATUS is supplied by the running image that is returned\&. Otherwise EXIT_SUCCESS is returned\&.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.PP
\fBsystemd\fR(1),
\fBmkosi\fR(1)