SYSTEMCTL(1) systemctl SYSTEMCTL(1) systemctl -- systemd systemctl [...] [...] systemctl <> . , systemd(1), , . : ( ) list-units [...] , systemd '. , , , , , , . , , , , ; --all. , , . --type= --state=, . , , . , , , , , . , , , @.service , , @.service. list-unit-files (. ), . , : UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount boot-efi.mount loaded active mounted /boot/efi systemd-journald.service loaded active running Journal Service systemd-logind.service loaded active running Login Service user@1000.service loaded failed failed User Manager for UID 1000 ... systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer loaded active waiting Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories LOAD = , . ACTIVE = , SUB. SUB = , . 123 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'. , . , , , , , . LOAD , : loaded, not-found, bad-setting, error, masked. ACTIVE , : active, reloading, inactive, failed, activating, deactivating. SUB , . LOAD, ACTIVE SUB . systemd . systemctl --state=help . . list-automounts [...] ', . , , . , , WHAT WHERE MOUNTED IDLE TIMEOUT UNIT /dev/sdb1 /mnt/test no 120s mnt-test.automount binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc yes 0 proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount 2 automounts listed. . --show-types, --all --state=. 252. list-paths [...] ', . , , . , , PATH CONDITION UNIT ACTIVATES /run/systemd/ask-password DirectoryNotEmpty systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path systemd-ask-password-plymouth.service /run/systemd/ask-password DirectoryNotEmpty systemd-ask-password-wall.path systemd-ask-password-wall.service /var/cache/cups/org.cups.cupsd PathExists cups.path cups.service 3 paths listed. . --show-types, --all --state=. 254. list-sockets [...] ', . , , . , , LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES /dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service ... [::]:22 sshd.socket sshd.service kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service 5 sockets listed. : , , . . --show-types, --all --state=. 202. list-timers [...] ', , . , , . , , NEXT LEFT LAST PASSED UNIT ACTIVATES - - Thu 2017-02-23 13:40:29 EST 3 days ago ureadahead-stop.timer ureadahead-stop.service Sun 2017-02-26 18:55:42 EST 1min 14s left Thu 2017-02-23 13:54:44 EST 3 days ago systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service Sun 2017-02-26 20:37:16 EST 1h 42min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago apt-daily.timer apt-daily.service Sun 2017-02-26 20:57:49 EST 2h 3min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago snapd.refresh.timer snapd.refresh.service NEXT . LEFT , . LAST , . PASSED , . UNIT ACTIVATES , , . . --all --state=. 209. is-active ... , ( ) . 0, , . --quiet, . is-failed [...] , <>. , , , <> is-system-running. 0, , --quiet, 197. status [...|PID...]] . --type=, --state= --failed, . --all, . , , , , PID , PID. --type=, --state= --failed, TYPE ACTIVE. . , ', show. , 10 , . --lines --full, . . , journalctl --unit= journalctl --user-unit= , . , , ( ) ( ' ). , , ' , journalctl --unit=. , systemd , status . , . , , ' . 1. systemctl status $ systemctl status bluetooth bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-01-04 13:54:04 EST; 1 weeks 0 days ago Docs: man:bluetoothd(8) Main PID: 930 (bluetoothd) Status: "Running" Tasks: 1 Memory: 648.0K CPU: 435ms CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service 930 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Not enough free handles to register service Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Current Time Service could not be registered Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: gatt-time-server: Input/output error (5) (<<>>) , . , : <<>> <<>> (<>), <<>> -- (<<>>), <<>> -- , <<>> -- (<>), <<>> -- (<<>>). <> <>, '. <> : <>, ; <>, ; <>, , <>, . , . , . , <>, is-enabled. <> . , , <> () <> (). <<>>, <<'>>, <<>> , . , <> () <> (). <> , , , . , . show [...|...] , . , . , , , . , .. --all, . , --property=. '. , status. , systemctl show ' . , , , , , , . , , , <> ( ), <<...USec>>, , <<...Sec>>, , . , D-Bus, . org.freedesktop.systemd1(5). cat ... . <> <> ( ) . . , , , , daemon-reload. 209. help ...|PID... , . PID, , . 185. list-dependencies [...] , . Requires=, Requisite=, Wants=, ConsistsOf=, BindsTo= Upholds=. , default.target. --type= --state=, . , , --plain. , . --all, . --reverse, --after, --before. , , ' . , , , . 198. start ... () , . , - , '. , , , ', , . , systemd . , - start - . , - . , , --all. , , <<>> , , , . , systemctl start --all , , , , , . stop ... () , . , (. RefuseManualStop= systemd.unit(5)). , - , (ExecStop= ), , . , , , . --no-warn . reload ... . , , systemd. , systemd , daemon-reload. , , , Apache, httpd.conf Apache, systemd apache.service. daemon-reload. restart ... , . , . , ' , . , (. FileDescriptorStoreMax= in systemd.service(5)) , -- , , . , systemctl stop, systemctl start. try-restart ... , , . , . reload-or-restart ... , . , . , . try-reload-or-restart ... , . , . , . 229. isolate , , , , IgnoreOnIsolate=yes (. systemd.unit(5)). , , <<.target>>. , , , , , . , , AllowIsolate=. . systemd.unit(5), . kill ... UNIX . --kill-whom=, , . --signal=, , . --kill-value=, POSIX ' . clean ... , , , . --what=, . , ConfigurationDirectory=, StateDirectory=, CacheDirectory=, LogsDirectory= RuntimeDirectory=, . systemd.exec(5), . FileDescriptorStoreMax=, . systemd.service(5), . , Persistent= --what=state, . systemd.timer(5). , . --what=, , ( ). , , . 243. freeze ... , cgroup , cgroup, . , , . , , cgroup. , , , . 246. thaw ... () , . freeze, cgroup . 246. set-property =... , . , . , ( , systemd.resource-control(5)) . , --runtime, . . : systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUWeight=200 , , , , . , . . : systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUWeight=200 MemoryMax=2G IPAccounting=yes , . : systemctl set-property avahi-daemon.service IPAddressDeny= 206. bind [] ' . , . , , . --read-only, ' . --mkdir, . , , (: RootImage=, PrivateMounts= ). , , , AF_UNIX, FIFO '. ' , , . , , ', , . (, ExecReload=, ExecStartPre= ) . , . , , . 248. mount-image [ [_:_]] . , ( RootImage=/RootDirectory=). , , . , MountImages=. --read-only, . --mkdir, . , , (: RootImage=, PrivateMounts= ). , , ', , . (, ExecReload=, ExecStartPre= ) . , . , , . : systemctl mount-image foo.service /tmp/img.raw /var/lib/image root:ro,nosuid systemctl mount-image --mkdir bar.service /tmp/img.raw /var/lib/baz/img 248. service-log-level [] , , . , . syslog, 0...7 : emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug; . syslog(3), . BusName=, org.freedesktop.LogControl1(5). (systemctl D-Bus org.freedesktop.LogControl1.LogLevel D-Bus .) 247. service-log-target [] , , . , . : console ( ), kmsg ( ), journal ( systemd-journald.service(8) ), syslog ( syslog /dev/log), null ( ) auto ( , , console, , journal syslog ). . , <<>> console, journal null. , , , . BusName=, org.freedesktop.LogControl1(5). (systemctl D-Bus org.freedesktop.LogControl1.LogLevel D-Bus .) 247. reset-failed [...] <> (<<>>) , , . ( , ), <>, , . <> : , . , ( StartLimitIntervalSec=/StartLimitBurst=), , , . whoami [PID...] , , PID ( ). PID , , systemctl. 254. list-unit-files [...] , , ( is-enabled). , , ( ). list-units, , . 233. enable ..., enable ... . [Install] . ( daemon-reload ) . , - , . , --now start . , ( @.service) , , , , , . ( ), ( ). , , ' , , , start. , ' , systemd (, /home/ /var/, ). . --quiet. , , [Install] . , , . , . , , , daemon-reload , . , . --no-warn . () , start. : . (, , ' ' ). ( ) ' ( ) . , --system, --user, --runtime --global, , , , . , systemd. enable . , . disable ... . , , , , enable link. , , , enable link. , disable enable, , disable , enable. , . , , Also= [Install] , . . , , . , --now, stop . ( ). --quiet. , , , . --no-warn . --user. , , , , . , --no-warn. --system, --user, --runtime, --global --no-warn , enable. 238. reenable ... , . disable enable. , [Install]. , . 238. preset ... - , , , . , disable enable, , . --preset-mode= , , . , . , . , systemd.preset(5). 238. preset-all , (. ). --preset-mode= , , . 215. is-enabled ... , ( enable). 0, , , . (. ). , --quiet. , --full. 1. is-enabled +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"" | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | .wants/, | | | | .requires/ Alias= | | | | ( | | | | /etc/systemd/system/ | | | | | | | | /run/systemd/system/). | | +-------------------------------------------------+ | | |"-" | | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"'" | | > 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ( | | | | /etc/systemd/system/ | | | | | | | | /run/systemd/system/), | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | +-------------------------------------------------+ | | |"linked-runtime" | | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"alias" | | 0 | | | | | | | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | ). | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"masked" | | > 0 | | | , | | | | - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ( | | | | /etc/systemd/system/ | | | | | | | | /run/systemd/systemd/). | | +-------------------------------------------------+ | | |"masked-runtime" | | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"static" | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Install] | | | | . | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"indirect" | | 0 | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Also= | | | | [Install] | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | Also=. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | DefaultInstance= is enabled. | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"disabled" | | > 0 | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | [Install] | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"generated" | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . . | | | | systemd.generator(7). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"transient" | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"bad" | | > 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | | | , | | | | is-enabled | | | | | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | list-unit-files. | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ |"not-found" | | 4 | | | . | | +-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+ 238. mask ... , . ' /dev/null, . disable, - , . . --runtime , . --now . , . , /etc/systemd/system/ ( --runtime) /run/systemd/system/ ( --runtime). , . , , , , (, /usr/lib/systemd/system/, ), , , ( , , ). --user, , , . , , , . --no-warn . 238. unmask ... , . mask. , . 238. link ... , , . . disable. , , as start, . , ' , systemd (, /home/ /var/, ). 233. revert ... . , , - , . , <<.service>> <<.service.d/>> , , ( /etc/systemd/system /run/systemd/system); ( , /usr/), , , . , ( /etc/systemd/system /run/systemd/system, , /usr/), . , , . , , systemctl edit, systemctl set-property systemctl mask. . 230. add-wants ..., add-requires ... <> <>, , . --system, --user, --runtime --global , enable. 217. edit ... -, --full, . , --system ( ), --user --global, , , , . (. <<>> ) , , . --drop-in=, override.conf. --full, , . --force, , . --runtime, /run/ -- . , ' . systemd ( , daemon-reload). , , , /etc/, , /run/. 218. get-default . , ' ( ) default.target. 205. set-default . ( ) default.target , . 205. list-machines [...] . , , . 212. list-jobs [...] , . , , . --after --before , , , . . 233. cancel [...] , . , . 233. systemd , , . ASCII, . . , UTF-8. (, , (NL), (TAB) (ESC), ASCII, , UTF-8). _SC_ARG_MAX, sysconf(3). show-environment systemd. , , . , . , , <<=>>. , , , <<=$''>>. , bash(1), zsh(1), ksh(1), ash(1) busybox(1), dash(1) fish(1). set-environment =... systemd, . , . 233. unset-environment ... systemd. , . , , . 233. import-environment ... , , , systemd. , . , , . , , systemctl. . ( ) . , , , . . 209. daemon-reload systemd. (. systemd.generator(7)), . systemd, . reload. daemon-reexec systemd. , , . , . , , daemon-reload. systemd, . log-level [] , . ' , ( , --log-level=, systemd(1)). 244. log-target [] , . ' , ( , --log-target=, systemd(1)). 244. service-watchdogs [yes|no] , . ' , (WatchdogSec=) (, OnFailure= StartLimitAction=); . systemd.service(5). . 244. is-system-running , . <<>> ( 0), , , , . ( ). , , . . --quiet, . --wait, , , . --wait, initializing starting . , ( running degraded). 2. is-system-running +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ | | | | | | | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ |initializing | | > 0 | | | , | | | | basic.target | | | | | | | | maintenance. | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ |starting | | > 0 | | | , | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ |running | | 0 | | | | | | | . | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ |degraded | | > 0 | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ |maintenance | | > 0 | | | | | | | . | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ |stopping | | > 0 | | | . | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ |offline | | > 0 | | | . | | | | , | | | | , | | | | | | | | (PID 1) | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ |unknown | | > 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | +----------------+------------------------------------------------+--------------------+ 215. default . systemctl isolate default.target. , --no-block. rescue . systemctl isolate rescue.target. , --no-block. emergency . systemctl isolate emergency.target. , --no-block. halt . systemctl start halt.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block, . ; , , . , , . systemctl poweroff (. ). --force, , , , . --force , - - . . , --force , systemctl, ' . , , . --when=, . --when=cancel . poweroff . systemctl start poweroff.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block, . ; , , . --force --when= , halt. reboot . systemctl start reboot.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block, . ; , , . --reboot-argument=, reboot(2). --boot-loader-entry=, --boot-loader-menu= --firmware-setup , . . , . --force --when= , halt. kexec --load , kexec, SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_KEXEC=1. <>, soft-reboot, SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_SOFT_REBOOT=1. 246. kexec kexec. kexec, . ; , initrd . --force kexec . systemctl start kexec.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block. , [1] . UEFI, . bootctl list, . bootctl(1). ; , , . --force --when= , halt. kexec --load , kexec reboot, SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_KEXEC=1. soft-reboot . systemctl start soft-reboot.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block. ; , , . --force --when= , halt. , . . systemd-soft-reboot.service(8), . <> , soft-reboot reboot, SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_SOFT_REBOOT=1. 254. exit [_] . ( --user) . , poweroff. ; , . , _. 227. switch-root [ []] . initrd initrd ( <>, PID 1) , . : , , , PID 1. , /sysroot/. , systemd, . , systemd, initrd, , initrd. 209. suspend . suspend.target. . . - . hibernate . hibernate.target. . . -. hybrid-sleep . hybrid-sleep.target. . . -. 196. suspend-then-hibernate , systemd-sleep.conf. suspend-then-hibernate.target. . . - -. 240. ( ), ( ...). . ( <<>>), systemctl : , <<.service>> , . : # systemctl start sshd # systemctl start sshd.service , # systemctl isolate default # systemctl isolate default.target , () , () -- . # systemctl status /dev/sda # systemctl status /home : # systemctl status dev-sda.device # systemctl status home.mount - , '; , , . , , , . - fnmatch(3), , <<*>>, <>, <<[]>>. . glob(7), . , ', , , . : # systemctl stop sshd@*.service sshd@.service. , , ', . (, , . ) : # systemctl enable foo.service # systemctl link ///foo.service : -t, --type= , service socket. list-units, list-dependencies, show status, . . , help, , . --state= LOAD, SUB ACTIVE . list-units, list-dependencies, show status , . --state=failed --failed, . , help, , . 206. -p, --property= , show , . , <>. , . , . . systemctl show , , systemd-system.conf(5). , - ( , ) . , , . systemd.unit(5), systemd.service(5), systemd.socket(5) . -P --value --property=, <<=>>. , -P o , -p/--property=. 246. -a, --all list-units, , . , , , . , list-unit-files. list-dependencies (, ). status, , . , << >>. (, .) -r, --recursive . -- , (<<:>>). 212. --reverse list-dependencies, WantedBy=, RequiredBy=, UpheldBy=, PartOf=, BoundBy=, Wants= . 203. --after list-dependencies , . , After=. , - After= Before=. , , WantedBy= (. systemd.target(5)), ( RequiresMountsFor=). list-dependencies. list-jobs , . --before, , , , . 203. --before list-dependencies , . , Before=. list-jobs , --after, , , , . 212. --with-dependencies status, cat, list-units list-unit-files, . --reverse, --after, --before. 245. -l, --full , , , status, list-units, list-jobs list-timers. , , is-enabled. --value show <<=>>. . -P . 230. --show-types . 202. --job-mode= , , . , <>, <>, <>, <>, <>, <>, <>, <> <>. <>, isolate, <>. <>, (: , ), . <> ( ), - . <>, , <>, . ( , ). , , cancel. - , shutdown.target. <> . isolate. <> . <>, , . , , . , . . <> <>, , . <> systemctl stop. , , . . Triggers= systemd.unit(5), . <> systemctl start. , , . 209. -T, --show-transaction (, systemctl start ) , , . , , . , . , , . 242. --fail --job-mode=fail. kill, , . 227. --check-inhibitors= , , . : <>, <> <>. <>. <> ( ) <> . <> . <> . ( - ). - , . , , , ( ). , <> <> , . , . --force . 248. -i --check-inhibitors=no. 198. --dry-run . halt, poweroff, reboot, kexec, suspend, hibernate, hybrid-sleep, suspend-then-hibernate, default, rescue, emergency exit. 236. -q, --quiet , . , ( show). . --no-warn , : o systemctl procfs /proc/, o enable disable ( , [Install] ), o disable --user , , o (stop), (disable) (mask), . 253. --no-block . , , , systemctl , . , . --wait. --wait . --no-block. , , ( ); , <>. is-system-running, , . 232. --user , , . --system . . --failed . --state=failed. 233. --no-wall , . --global enable disable, , , . --no-reload enable disable, . --no-ask-password start ' , . , , . , , systemctl . , . , (, ), . , . --kill-whom= kill, , UNIX. : main, control all -- , , . , . , . , , ExecStartPre=, ExecStop= ExecReload= , . , , . Type=forking, , ExecStart=, ( ). , ExecStart= . , - . , . , ( /usr/bin/mount /usr/bin/umount), . , all. 252. --kill-value=INT kill, . , POSIX ( --signal=SIGRTMIN+... --signal=SIGRTMAX-...); sigqueue(3), kill(3). 32- ; , ( <<0x>>), ( <<0o>>) ( <<0b>>) , , , , --kill-whom=all , . 254. -s, --signal= kill, , . , SIGTERM, SIGINT SIGSTOP. , SIGTERM. <> , <> -- . --what= , clean, . . : configuration, state, cache, logs, runtime, fdstore, -- . -- . all, . , cache, runtime fdstore, , , , . , fdstore , FileDescriptorStorePreserve=, . 243. -f, --force enable, . edit, , . halt, poweroff, reboot kexec, . , , . , , . --force ( kexec), , - - . : --force - . , --force , systemctl, . , , . --message= halt, poweroff or reboot, , . . 225. --now enable, . disable mask, . , . 220. --root= enable/disable/is-enabled ( ' ), . , systemctl , systemd . --image= , . --root=, , . , GPT, [2]. systemd-nspawn(1) . 252. --image-policy= , systemd.image-policy(7). , --image=, . . , <<*>>, . --runtime enable, disable, edit ( ' ), , . , /etc/, /run/, , , , , . , set-property, , , . --preset-mode= : <> ( ), <> ( ), <> ( ). preset preset-all, , , , . 215. -n, --lines= status, , . 0 . 10. -o, --output= status, . journalctl(1). <>. --firmware-setup reboot, poweroff halt, , . , . 220. --boot-loader-menu= reboot, poweroff halt, , . , . , . , . 242. --boot-loader-entry= reboot, poweroff halt, , . <>, . , . 242. --reboot-argument= reboot. . , <> , <> <<>>. 246. --plain list-dependencies, list-units or list-machines, , , . 203. --timestamp= . : pretty ( ) " -- :: " 248. unix "@seconds-since-the-epoch" 251. us, s " -- ::. " 248. utc " -- :: UTC" 248. us+utc, s+utc " -- ::. UTC" 248. 247. --mkdir bind, '. , , , , ' , , , FIFO. 248. --marked reload-or-restart. , <>, , <>. , , , . set-property Markers=.... --no-block, systemctl . 248. --read-only bind, '. 248. --drop-in= edit, override.conf. 253. --when= halt, poweroff, reboot kexec, , , systemd.time(7), <>. , <>, , <>. 254. -H, --host= . <<@>> ' , '. , ' ssh. . , , <>, ' . ' SSH. machinectl -H . IPv6 . -M, --machine= . , ', ' , <<@>>. <<.host>>, ' ( ' : <<--user --machine=lennart@.host>>). <<@>>, ' root. <<@>>, ( ). ' <<.host>>, . --no-pager . --legend= , . , , --quiet . -h, --help . --version . , 0; , . systemctl , LSB, LSB 3.0.0[3]. 3. LSB +-------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | | LSB | systemd | +-------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ |0 | " | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | | +-------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ |1 | " | | | | <<>> | | | | pid /var/run | | | | " | ( | | | | is-failed) | +-------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ |2 | " | | | | <<>>, | | | | | | | | | | | | /var/lock" | | +-------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ |3 | " | | | | | | | | " | | +-------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ |4 | " | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | | +-------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ LSB systemd , , . $SYSTEMD_EDITOR , ; $EDITOR $VISUAL. $SYSTEMD_EDITOR, $EDITOR $VISUAL, , systemctl : editor(1), nano(1), vim(1), vi(1). 218. $SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL ( , , ). ( ): emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug, 0...7. . syslog(3), . $SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR . , , , . , , journalctl(1) . $SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME . , . , , journalctl(1) . $SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION , , . , . , . $SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET . : console ( ), console-prefixed ( , , <<>>, . syslog(3), kmsg ( ), journal ( ), journal-or-kmsg ( , , kmsg, ), auto ( , ), null ( ). $SYSTEMD_PAGER , , --no-pager; $PAGER. $SYSTEMD_PAGER, $PAGER, , less(1) more(1), . , . <> --no-pager. : $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE, $SYSTEMD_PAGER ( $PAGER). $SYSTEMD_LESS , less (, <>). , , : K , Ctrl+C. less Ctrl+C , . $SYSTEMD_LESS <>, less, Ctrl+C -- . X termcap . , , . , , . . less(1), . $SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET , less ( <>, UTF-8). $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE . , <<>> ; , . $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE , , UID , . geteuid(2) sd_pid_get_owner_uid(3). LESSSECURE=1 , , . $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE , , , . ( less(1).) : , , sudo(8) pkexec(1), , . <<>> , . SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0 , . , $SYSTEMD_PAGER $PAGER , $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE. , , , --no-pager. $SYSTEMD_COLORS . , systemd ' . , . , : <<16>>, <<256>>, 16 256 ANSI, . $TERM , ' . $SYSTEMD_URLIFY . , , . , systemd $TERM . . systemd(1), journalctl(1), loginctl(1), machinectl(1), systemd.unit(5), systemd.resource-control(5), systemd.special(7), wall(1), systemd.preset(5), systemd.generator(7), glob(7) 1. https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/boot_loader_specification 2. https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification 3. LSB 3.0.0 http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.0.0/LSB-PDA/LSB-PDA/iniscrptact.html Andriy Rysin , Yuri Chornoivan lxlalexlxl ; , GNU General Public License Version 3 . . , , : . systemd 255 SYSTEMCTL(1)