• break
• continue
• delete
• else
• exit
• foreach
• for
• function
• global
• private
• if
• in
• next
• probe
• return
• try/catch
• while

Integers
• var1 = 5
• global var2 = 10
Strings
• var1 = "string1"
• global var2 = "string2"
Associative Arrays
• global array1[]
• global array2[SIZE]
• array[index] = 5
Context Variables
• $var
• $var$  (pretty printed string form)
Binary numeric operators
• * / % + - << >> >>> & ^ | && ||
Binary string operators
• . (string concatenation)
Numeric assignment operators
• = += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |= 
String assignment operators
• = .= 
Unary numeric operators
• + - ! ~ ++ -- 
Numeric & string comparison operators
• < > <= >= == != 
Regular expression matching operators
• =~ !~ 
Ternary operator
• cond ? exp1 : exp2
Grouping operator
• ( expression )
Array operators
• array[index] (array read/write)
• [index] in array
Aggregation operator
• var <<< value

Jump Statements
• continue
• break
• next  (early return from a probe)
• return expression (from a function)
• try statement catch (message) statement

Selection Statements
• if (expression) statement 
• else statement

Iteration Statements
• foreach (variable in array) statement
• foreach ([var1,var2,...] in array) statement
• for (expression; expression; expression) statement
• while (expression) statement

Declaration Statements
• function name (variable : type, ...) { statement }
• function name : type (variable : type, ...) { statement }
• function name : type (variable : type, ...) %{ c_statement %}
• probe probepoint { statement }
• probe label = probepoint { statement }

Comments
• # ... comment
• // ... comment
• /* ... comment ... */

Preprocessor
• %( expression %? true_tokens %: false_tokens %)
• @define label (variable, ...) %{ statement %}

Aggregation Builtin Functions
• @avg (variable)
• @count (variable)
• @hist_linear (variable, N, N, N)
• @hist_log (variable)
• @max (variable)
• @min (variable)
• @sum (variable)

Output Builtin Functions
• print (variable)
• printf (format:string, variable, ...) 
  where format is of the form: %[flags][width][.precision][length]specifier
• printd (delimiter:string, variable, ...)
• printdln (delimiter:string, variable, ...)
• println ()
• sprint:string (variable)
• sprintf:string (format:string, variable, ...)

Variable Access Builtin Functions
• @var ("varname[@src/FILE.c]"[, "module"]) (static or global)
• @cast (variable, "type_name"[, "module"])
• @defined (variable)
• @probewrite (variable)

Some of the more commonly used probepoints
• kernel.function(PATTERN) kernel.function(PATTERN).call
• kernel.function(PATTERN).return
• kernel.FUNCTION (PATTERN).return.maxactive(VALUE)
• kernel.FUNCTION (PATTERN).inline
• kernel.FUNCTION (PATTERN).label(LPATTERN)
• module(MPATTERN).FUNCTION (PATTERN)
• module(MPATTERN).FUNCTION (PATTERN).call
• module(MPATTERN).FUNCTION (PATTERN).return.maxactive(VALUE)
• module(MPATTERN).FUNCTION (PATTERN).inline
• kernel.statement(PATTERN)
• kernel.statement(ADDRESS).absolute
• module(MPATTERN).statement(PATTERN)
• kprobe.FUNCTION (FUNCTION)
• kprobe.FUNCTION (FUNCTION).return
• kprobe.module(NAME).FUNCTION (FUNCTION)
• kprobe.module(NAME).FUNCTION (FUNCTION).return
• kprobe.statement(ADDRESS).absolute
• process.begin process("PATH").begin
• process(PID).begin process.thread.begin
• process("PATH").thread.begin
• process(PID).thread.begin
• process.end
• process("PATH").end
• process(PID).end
• process.thread.end
• process("PATH").thread.end
• process(PID).thread.end
• process("PATH").syscall
• process(PID).syscall
• process.syscall.return
• process("PATH").syscall.return
• process(PID).syscall.return
• process("PATH").FUNCTION ("NAME")
• process("PATH").statement("*@FILE.c:123")
• process("PATH").FUNCTION ("*").return
• process("PATH").FUNCTION ("myfun").label("foo")
• process("PATH").mark("LABEL")
• java("PNAME").class("CLASSNAME").method("PATTERN")
• java("PNAME").class("CLASSNAME").method("PATTERN").return
• java(PID).class("CLASSNAME").method("PATTERN")
• java(PID).class("CLASSNAME").method("PATTERN").return
• python2.module("MODULENAME").function("PATTERN")
• python2.module("MODULENAME").function("PATTERN").return
• python3.module("MODULENAME").function("PATTERN")
• python3.module("MODULENAME").function("PATTERN").return

Some of the more commonly used tapset functions
• addr:long ()
• backtrace:string ()
• caller:string ()
• caller_addr:long ()
• cmdline_arg:string (N:long)
• cmdline_args:string (N:long,m:long,delim:string)
• cmdline_str:string ()
• env_var:string (name:string)
• execname:string ()
• int_arg:long (N:long)
• isinstr:long(s1:string,s2:string)
• long_arg:long (N:long)
• modname:string ()
• module_name:string ()
• pid:long ()
• pn:string ()
• pointer_arg:string (N:long)
• pp:string ()
• print_backtrace ()
• probefunc:string ()
• register:long(name:string)
• str_replace:string(prnt_str:string,srch_str:string,rplc_str:string)
• stringat:long(str:string,pos:long)
• strlen:long(str:string)
• strtol:long(str:string,base:long)
• substr:string(str:string,start:long,length:long)
• user_long:long(addr:long)
• user_string:string(addr:long)