.ig \" -*- nroff -*- Copyright (c) 1999-2024 Philip Hands Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .. .Dd $Mdocdate: June 17 2010 $ .Dt SSH-COPY-ID 1 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm ssh-copy-id .Nd use locally available keys to authorise logins on a remote machine .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl f .Op Fl n .Op Fl s .Op Fl x .Op Fl i Op Ar identity_file .Op Fl t Ar target_path .Op Fl F Ar ssh_config .Op Bo Fl o Ar ssh_option Bc ... .Op Fl p Ar port .Op Ar user Ns @ Ns .Ar hostname .Nm .Fl h | Fl ? .br .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a script that uses .Xr ssh 1 to log into a remote machine (presumably using a login password, so password authentication should be enabled, unless you've done some clever use of multiple identities). It assembles a list of one or more fingerprints (as described below) and tries to log in with each key, to see if any of them are already installed (of course, if you are not using .Xr ssh-agent 1 this may result in you being repeatedly prompted for pass-phrases). It then assembles a list of those that failed to log in and, using .Xr ssh 1 , enables logins with those keys on the remote server. By default it adds the keys by appending them to the remote user's .Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys (creating the file, and directory, if necessary). It is also capable of detecting if the remote system is a NetScreen, and using its .Ql set ssh pka-dsa key ... command instead. .Pp The options are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl i Op Ar identity_file Use only the key(s) contained in .Ar identity_file (rather than looking for identities via .Xr ssh-add 1 or in the .Ic default_ID_file ) . If the filename does not end in .Pa .pub this is added. If the filename is omitted, the .Ic default_ID_file is used. .Pp Note that this can be used to ensure that the keys copied have the comment one prefers and/or extra options applied, by ensuring that the key file has these set as preferred before the copy is attempted. .It Fl f Forced mode: doesn't check if the keys are present on the remote server. This means that it does not need the private key. Of course, this can result in more than one copy of the key being installed on the remote system. .It Fl n do a dry-run. Instead of installing keys on the remote system simply prints the key(s) that would have been installed. .It Fl s SFTP mode: usually the public keys are installed by executing commands on the remote side. With this option the user's .Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file will be downloaded, modified locally and uploaded with sftp. This option is useful if the server has restrictions on commands which can be used on the remote side. .It Fl t Ar target_path the path on the target system where the keys should be added (defaults to ".ssh/authorized_keys") .It Fl p Ar port Specifies the port to connect to on the remote host. .It Fl F Ar ssh_config , Fl o Ar ssh_option These options are simply passed through untouched (with their argument) to ssh/sftp, allowing one to set an alternative config file, or other options, respectively. .Pp Rather than specifying these as command line options, it is often better to use (per-host) settings in .Xr ssh 1 Ns 's configuration file: .Xr ssh_config 5 . .It Fl x This option is for debugging the .Nm script itself. It sets the shell's -x flag, so that you can see the commands being run. .It Fl h , Fl ? Print Usage summary .El .Pp Default behaviour without .Fl i , is to check if .Ql ssh-add -L provides any output, and if so those keys are used. Note that this results in the comment on the key being the filename that was given to .Xr ssh-add 1 when the key was loaded into your .Xr ssh-agent 1 rather than the comment contained in that file, which is a bit of a shame. Otherwise, if .Xr ssh-add 1 provides no keys contents of the .Ic default_ID_file will be used. .Pp The .Ic default_ID_file is the most recent file that matches: .Pa ~/.ssh/id*.pub , (excluding those that match .Pa ~/.ssh/*-cert.pub ) so if you create a key that is not the one you want .Nm to use, just use .Xr touch 1 on your preferred key's .Pa .pub file to reinstate it as the most recent. .Sh EXAMPLES If you have already installed keys from one system on a lot of remote hosts, and you then create a new key, on a new client machine, say, it can be difficult to keep track of which systems on which you've installed the new key. One way of dealing with this is to load both the new key and old key(s) into your .Xr ssh-agent 1 . Load the new key first, without the .Fl c option, then load one or more old keys into the agent, possibly by ssh-ing to the client machine that has that old key, using the .Fl A option to allow agent forwarding: .Pp .D1 user@newclient$ ssh-add .D1 user@newclient$ ssh -A old.client .D1 user@oldl$ ssh-add -c .D1 No ... prompt for pass-phrase ... .D1 user@old$ logoff .D1 user@newclient$ ssh someserver .Pp now, if the new key is installed on the server, you'll be allowed in unprompted, whereas if you only have the old key(s) enabled, you'll be asked for confirmation, which is your cue to log back out and run .Pp .D1 user@newclient$ ssh-copy-id -i someserver .Pp The reason you might want to specify the .Fl i option in this case is to ensure that the comment on the installed key is the one from the .Pa .pub file, rather than just the filename that was loaded into your agent. It also ensures that only the id you intended is installed, rather than all the keys that you have in your .Xr ssh-agent 1 . Of course, you can specify another id, or use the contents of the .Xr ssh-agent 1 as you prefer. .Pp Having mentioned .Xr ssh-add 1 Ns 's .Fl c option, you might consider using this whenever using agent forwarding to avoid your key being hijacked, but it is much better to instead use .Xr ssh 1 Ns 's .Ar ProxyCommand and .Fl W option, to bounce through remote servers while always doing direct end-to-end authentication. This way the middle hop(s) don't get access to your .Xr ssh-agent 1 . A web search for .Ql ssh proxycommand nc should prove enlightening (NB the modern approach is to use the .Fl W option, rather than .Xr nc 1 ) . .Sh "SEE ALSO" .Xr ssh 1 , .Xr ssh-agent 1 , .Xr sshd 8