.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft-var
.\"
.\" Copyright 2003,2004 Andi Kleen, SuSE Labs.
.\" and Copyright 2007 Lee Schermerhorn, Hewlett Packard
.\"
.\" 2006-02-03, mtk, substantial wording changes and other improvements
.\" 2007-08-27, Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
.\"     more precise specification of behavior.
.\"
.TH set_mempolicy 2 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages 6.9.1"
.SH NAME
set_mempolicy \- set default NUMA memory policy for a thread and its children
.SH LIBRARY
NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) policy library
.RI ( libnuma ", " \-lnuma )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B "#include <numaif.h>"
.P
.BI "long set_mempolicy(int " mode ", const unsigned long *" nodemask ,
.BI "                   unsigned long " maxnode );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BR set_mempolicy ()
sets the NUMA memory policy of the calling thread,
which consists of a policy mode and zero or more nodes,
to the values specified by the
.IR mode ,
.IR nodemask ,
and
.I maxnode
arguments.
.P
A NUMA machine has different
memory controllers with different distances to specific CPUs.
The memory policy defines from which node memory is allocated for
the thread.
.P
This system call defines the default policy for the thread.
The thread policy governs allocation of pages in the process's
address space outside of memory ranges
controlled by a more specific policy set by
.BR mbind (2).
The thread default policy also controls allocation of any pages for
memory-mapped files mapped using the
.BR mmap (2)
call with the
.B MAP_PRIVATE
flag and that are only read (loaded) from by the thread
and of memory-mapped files mapped using the
.BR mmap (2)
call with the
.B MAP_SHARED
flag, regardless of the access type.
The policy is applied only when a new page is allocated
for the thread.
For anonymous memory this is when the page is first
touched by the thread.
.P
The
.I mode
argument must specify one of
.BR MPOL_DEFAULT ,
.BR MPOL_BIND ,
.BR MPOL_INTERLEAVE ,
.BR MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE ,
.BR MPOL_PREFERRED ,
or
.B MPOL_LOCAL
(which are described in detail below).
All modes except
.B MPOL_DEFAULT
require the caller to specify the node or nodes to which the mode applies,
via the
.I nodemask
argument.
.P
The
.I mode
argument may also include an optional
.IR "mode flag" .
The supported
.I "mode flags"
are:
.TP
.BR MPOL_F_NUMA_BALANCING " (since Linux 5.12)"
.\" commit bda420b985054a3badafef23807c4b4fa38a3dff
When
.I mode
is
.BR MPOL_BIND ,
enable the kernel NUMA balancing for the task if it is supported by the kernel.
If the flag isn't supported by the kernel, or is used with
.I mode
other than
.BR MPOL_BIND ,
\-1 is returned and
.I errno
is set to
.BR EINVAL .
.TP
.BR MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES " (since Linux 2.6.26)"
A nonempty
.I nodemask
specifies node IDs that are relative to the
set of node IDs allowed by the process's current cpuset.
.TP
.BR MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES " (since Linux 2.6.26)"
A nonempty
.I nodemask
specifies physical node IDs.
Linux will not remap the
.I nodemask
when the process moves to a different cpuset context,
nor when the set of nodes allowed by the process's
current cpuset context changes.
.P
.I nodemask
points to a bit mask of node IDs that contains up to
.I maxnode
bits.
The bit mask size is rounded to the next multiple of
.IR "sizeof(unsigned long)" ,
but the kernel will use bits only up to
.IR maxnode .
A NULL value of
.I nodemask
or a
.I maxnode
value of zero specifies the empty set of nodes.
If the value of
.I maxnode
is zero,
the
.I nodemask
argument is ignored.
.P
Where a
.I nodemask
is required, it must contain at least one node that is on-line,
allowed by the process's current cpuset context,
(unless the
.B MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES
mode flag is specified),
and contains memory.
If the
.B MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES
is set in
.I mode
and a required
.I nodemask
contains no nodes that are allowed by the process's current cpuset context,
the memory policy reverts to
.IR "local allocation" .
This effectively overrides the specified policy until the process's
cpuset context includes one or more of the nodes specified by
.IR nodemask .
.P
The
.I mode
argument must include one of the following values:
.TP
.B MPOL_DEFAULT
This mode specifies that any nondefault thread memory policy be removed,
so that the memory policy "falls back" to the system default policy.
The system default policy is "local allocation"\[em]that is,
allocate memory on the node of the CPU that triggered the allocation.
.I nodemask
must be specified as NULL.
If the "local node" contains no free memory, the system will
attempt to allocate memory from a "near by" node.
.TP
.B MPOL_BIND
This mode defines a strict policy that restricts memory allocation to the
nodes specified in
.IR nodemask .
If
.I nodemask
specifies more than one node, page allocations will come from
the node with the lowest numeric node ID first, until that node
contains no free memory.
Allocations will then come from the node with the next highest
node ID specified in
.I nodemask
and so forth, until none of the specified nodes contain free memory.
Pages will not be allocated from any node not specified in the
.IR nodemask .
.TP
.B MPOL_INTERLEAVE
This mode interleaves page allocations across the nodes specified in
.I nodemask
in numeric node ID order.
This optimizes for bandwidth instead of latency
by spreading out pages and memory accesses to those pages across
multiple nodes.
However, accesses to a single page will still be limited to
the memory bandwidth of a single node.
.\" NOTE:  the following sentence doesn't make sense in the context
.\" of set_mempolicy() -- no memory area specified.
.\" To be effective the memory area should be fairly large,
.\" at least 1 MB or bigger.
.TP
.BR MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE " (since Linux 6.9)"
.\" commit fa3bea4e1f8202d787709b7e3654eb0a99aed758
This mode interleaves page allocations across the nodes specified in
.I nodemask
according to the weights in
.IR /sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave .
For example, if bits 0, 2, and 5 are set in
.IR nodemask ,
and the contents of
.IR /sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave/node0 ,
.IR /sys/ .\|.\|. /node2 ,
and
.IR /sys/ .\|.\|. /node5
are 4, 7, and 9, respectively,
then pages in this region will be allocated on nodes 0, 2, and 5
in a 4:7:9 ratio.
.TP
.B MPOL_PREFERRED
This mode sets the preferred node for allocation.
The kernel will try to allocate pages from this node first
and fall back to "near by" nodes if the preferred node is low on free
memory.
If
.I nodemask
specifies more than one node ID, the first node in the
mask will be selected as the preferred node.
If the
.I nodemask
and
.I maxnode
arguments specify the empty set, then the policy
specifies "local allocation"
(like the system default policy discussed above).
.TP
.BR MPOL_LOCAL " (since Linux 3.8)"
.\" commit 479e2802d09f1e18a97262c4c6f8f17ae5884bd8
.\" commit f2a07f40dbc603c15f8b06e6ec7f768af67b424f
This mode specifies "local allocation"; the memory is allocated on
the node of the CPU that triggered the allocation (the "local node").
The
.I nodemask
and
.I maxnode
arguments must specify the empty set.
If the "local node" is low on free memory,
the kernel will try to allocate memory from other nodes.
The kernel will allocate memory from the "local node"
whenever memory for this node is available.
If the "local node" is not allowed by the process's current cpuset context,
the kernel will try to allocate memory from other nodes.
The kernel will allocate memory from the "local node" whenever
it becomes allowed by the process's current cpuset context.
.P
The thread memory policy is preserved across an
.BR execve (2),
and is inherited by child threads created using
.BR fork (2)
or
.BR clone (2).
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success,
.BR set_mempolicy ()
returns 0;
on error, \-1 is returned and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B EFAULT
Part of all of the memory range specified by
.I nodemask
and
.I maxnode
points outside your accessible address space.
.TP
.B EINVAL
.I mode
is invalid.
Or,
.I mode
is
.B MPOL_DEFAULT
and
.I nodemask
is nonempty,
or
.I mode
is
.B MPOL_BIND
or
.B MPOL_INTERLEAVE
and
.I nodemask
is empty.
Or,
.I maxnode
specifies more than a page worth of bits.
Or,
.I nodemask
specifies one or more node IDs that are
greater than the maximum supported node ID.
Or, none of the node IDs specified by
.I nodemask
are on-line and allowed by the process's current cpuset context,
or none of the specified nodes contain memory.
Or, the
.I mode
argument specified both
.B MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES
and
.BR MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES .
Or, the
.B MPOL_F_NUMA_BALANCING
isn't supported by the kernel, or is used with
.I mode
other than
.BR MPOL_BIND .
.TP
.B ENOMEM
Insufficient kernel memory was available.
.SH STANDARDS
Linux.
.SH HISTORY
Linux 2.6.7.
.SH NOTES
Memory policy is not remembered if the page is swapped out.
When such a page is paged back in, it will use the policy of
the thread or memory range that is in effect at the time the
page is allocated.
.P
For information on library support, see
.BR numa (7).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR get_mempolicy (2),
.BR getcpu (2),
.BR mbind (2),
.BR mmap (2),
.BR numa (3),
.BR cpuset (7),
.BR numa (7),
.BR numactl (8)