SELECT(7)                        SQL Commands                        SELECT(7)

NAME
       SELECT - <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>


SYNOPSIS
       SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
           * | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
           [ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
           [ WHERE condition ]
           [ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
           [ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
           [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
           [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
           [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
           [ OFFSET start ]
           [ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

       where from_item can be one of:

           [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
           ( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
           function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
           function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
           from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]

       [Comment: FIXME: This last syntax is incorrect if the join type is an
       INNER or OUTER join (in which case one of NATURAL, ON ..., or USING ...
       is mandatory, not optional). What's the best way to fix this?]

DESCRIPTION <?><?>
       SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       1.
               <?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>FROM
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              FROM
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              FROM Clause [select(7)] <?><?>

       2.
               <?><?><?><?><?> WHERE <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> WHERE Clause
              [select(7)] <?><?>

       3.
               <?><?><?><?><?> GROUP BY
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?> HAVING
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              GROUP BY Clause [select(7)] <?> HAVING Clause [select(7)] <?><?>

       4.
               <?><?> UNION<?>INTERSECT<?> <?> EXCEPT<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              SELECT  <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>UNION
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              INTERSECT
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              EXCEPT
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              ALL<?><?><?><?><?><?><?> UNION Clause [select(7)], INTERSECT
              Clause [select(l)], <?> EXCEPT Clause [select(7)] <?><?>

       5.
               <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>SELECT
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?><?>
              SELECT List [select(7)] <?><?>

       6.
               <?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?> ORDER
              BY<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY Clause [select(7)] <?><?>

       7.
               <?><?><?><?><?> LIMIT <?><?> OFFSET  <?><?><?><?><?> SELECT
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              LIMIT Clause [select(7)] <?><?>

       8.     DISTINCT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> DISTINCT ON
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ALL
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?> DISTINCT Clause [select(7)] <?><?>

       9.     FOR UPDATE <?><?><?><?> SELECT
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              FOR UPDATE Clause [select(7)] <?><?>

        <?><?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?> FOR
       UPDATE <?><?><?> UPDATE <?><?><?><?>

PARAMETERS <?><?>
   FROM <?><?>
       FROM <?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       FROM-<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       table_name
               <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?>ONLY<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?>ONLY<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>*<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?>
              PostgreSQL 7.1 <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>ONLY<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> sql_interitance
              <?><?><?><?>

       alias
               <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM foo AS f<?><?><?> SELECT
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?><?> f <?><?><?> foo
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       select
               <?><?><?> SELECT <?> FROM <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       function_name
               <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> record <?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> AS
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?>( column_name data_type [, ... ])<?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       join_type

              o [ INNER ] JOIN

              o LEFT [ OUTER ] JOIN

              o RIGHT [ OUTER ] JOIN

              o FULL [ OUTER ] JOIN

              o CROSS JOIN

        <?><?><?> <?> INNER <?> OUTER <?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> NATURAL<?> ON
       join_condition<?> <?><?> USING (join_column [, ...])<?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> CROSS
       JOIN<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?> JOIN <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>JOIN <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>JOIN <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       CROSS JOIN <?> INNER JOIN <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       FROM <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> CROSS JOIN <?><?><?>
       INNER JOIN ON (true)<?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?> WHERE
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       LEFT OUTER JOIN <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?> JOIN
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?>RIGHT OUTER JOIN <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       LEFT OUTER JOIN<?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       FULL OUTER JOIN
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       ON join_condition
              join_condition <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?> boolean
              <?><?><?><?><?><?>WHERE <?><?><?><?>
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       USING (join_column [, ...])
               <?><?><?><?> USING ( a, b, ... ) <?><?><?><?> <?>ON
              left_table.a = right_table.a AND left_table.b = right_table.b
              ...  <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>USING
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       NATURAL
              NATURAL <?><?><?> USING
              <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   WHERE <?><?>
        <?><?><?> WHERE <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       WHERE condition

        <?><?> condition  <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> boolean
       <?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   GROUP BY <?><?>
        <?><?><?> GROUP BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       GROUP BY expression [, ...]


       GROUP BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       expression <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> GROUP BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       GROUP BY<?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       GROUP BY<?> <?><?> SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   HAVING <?><?>
        <?><?><?> HAVING <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       HAVING condition

        <?><?> condition  <?><?> WHERE <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       HAVING <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> HAVING <?> WHERE
       <?><?><?> WHERE <?><?><?> GROUP BY  <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       HAVING <?><?><?> GROUP BY <?><?><?><?><?> <?> condition
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   UNION <?><?>
       UNION <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       select_statement UNION [ ALL ] select_statement

        <?><?> select_statement <?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY<?>LIMIT<?><?><?> FOR
       UPDATE <?><?><?> SELECT<?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>ORDER BY
       <?> LIMIT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> UNION <?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       UNION <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?> UNION
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>SELECT<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?>UNION
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ALL <?><?><?>
       ALL <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?>SELECT<?><?><?><?><?><?> UNION
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?>FOR UPDATE <?><?><?> UNION <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   INTERSECT <?><?>
       INTERSECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       select_statement INTERSECT [ ALL ] select_statement

       select_statement <?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY<?> LIMIT<?><?><?> FOR UPDATE
       <?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?>

        INTERSECT <?><?><?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        NTERSECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ALL
       <?><?><?> <?><?> ALL <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> m
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> n <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> min(m,n)
       <?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?>
       INTERSECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> INTERSECT <?> UNION
       <?><?><?><?><?> --- <?><?><?><?> A UNION B INTERSECT C <?><?><?> A
       UNION (B INTERSECT C)<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   EXCEPT <?><?>
       EXCEPT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       select_statement EXCEPT [ ALL ] select_statement

        <?><?> fIselect_statement <?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY<?>LIMIT<?><?><?>
       FOR UPDATE  <?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?>

       EXCEPT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       EXCEPT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ALL
       <?><?><?> <?><?> ALL <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> m
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> n <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> max(m-n,0)
       <?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?>
       EXCEPT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> EXCEPT <?> UNION
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   SELECT <?><?>
       SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT <?> FROM)
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       FROM <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?> AS output_name<?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY <?> GROUP BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?> WHERE <?><?>
       HAVING <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> *
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       table_name.*  <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   ORDER BY <?><?>
        <?><?><?> ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...]

       expression <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?>/<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>/<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> AS
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>/<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?> ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>SELECT<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT name FROM distributors ORDER BY code;

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> UNION<?>INTERSECT<?> <?><?>
       EXCEPT <?><?><?> ORDER BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?> GROUP BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SQL
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?>/<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       DESC <?><?><?><?><?> ASC<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ASC
       <?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?><?> USING
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ASC
       <?><?><?><?><?> USING < <?> DESC <?><?><?><?><?> USING ><?> (But the
       creator of a user-defined data type can define exactly what the default
       sort ordering is, and it might correspond to operators with other
       names.)

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   LIMIT <?><?>
       LIMIT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       LIMIT { count | ALL }
       OFFSET start

        <?><?> count <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> start
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
        .PP
         LIMIT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?> LIMIT <?><?> <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ---
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ORDER
       BY<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> LIMIT <?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> LIMIT <?> OFFSET
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?> LIMIT/OFFSET
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?> ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SQL <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?> SQL
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   DISTINCT <?><?>
        <?><?><?><?><?>
       DISTINCT<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       ALL <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       DISTINCT ON ( expression [, ...] )
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       DISTINCT ON <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       "<?><?><?>" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?>

       SELECT DISTINCT ON (location) location, time, report
           FROM weather_reports
           ORDER BY location, time DESC;

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       ORDER BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

        DISTINCT ON <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ORDER BY <?><?><?><?>
       ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       DISTINCT ON <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   FOR UPDATE <?><?>
       FOR UPDATE <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ]


       FOR UPDATE <?><?><?><?> SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> UPDATE<?>DELETE<?> <?><?> SELECT FOR UPDATE
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       UPDATE<?> DELETE<?><?><?> SELECT FOR UPDATE
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>SELECT FOR UPDATE
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       Chapter 12 ``Concurrency Control'' <?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FOR UPDATE
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?>
       SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       FOR UPDATE
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       FOR UPDATE <?><?><?> LIMIT <?><?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?><?> 7.3
       <?><?><?> PostgreSQL <?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?> LIMIT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> LIMIT <?><?><?>

EXAMPLES <?><?>
        <?><?> films <?><?> distributors <?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT f.title, f.did, d.name, f.date_prod, f.kind
           FROM distributors d, films f
           WHERE f.did = d.did

              title       | did |     name     | date_prod  |   kind
       -------------------+-----+--------------+------------+----------
        The Third Man     | 101 | British Lion | 1949-12-23 | Drama
        The African Queen | 101 | British Lion | 1951-08-11 | Romantic
        ...


        <?><?><?>kind <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>/<?><?><?>
       len<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT kind, sum(len) AS total FROM films GROUP BY kind;

          kind   | total
       ----------+-------
        Action   | 07:34
        Comedy   | 02:58
        Drama    | 14:28
        Musical  | 06:42
        Romantic | 04:38


        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>films<?><?><?><?><?>/<?><?>
       len<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> kind
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>5<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT kind, sum(len) AS total
           FROM films
           GROUP BY kind
           HAVING sum(len) < interval '5 hours';

          kind   | total
       ----------+-------
        Comedy   | 02:58
        Romantic | 04:38


        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>name<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT * FROM distributors ORDER BY name;
       SELECT * FROM distributors ORDER BY 2;

        did |       name
       -----+------------------
        109 | 20th Century Fox
        110 | Bavaria Atelier
        101 | British Lion
        107 | Columbia
        102 | Jean Luc Godard
        113 | Luso films
        104 | Mosfilm
        103 | Paramount
        106 | Toho
        105 | United Artists
        111 | Walt Disney
        112 | Warner Bros.
        108 | Westward


        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> distributors <?>
       actors<?><?><?><?> <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> W <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> ALL <?><?><?><?><?>

       distributors:               actors:
        did |     name              id |     name
       -----+--------------        ----+----------------
        108 | Westward               1 | Woody Allen
        111 | Walt Disney            2 | Warren Beatty
        112 | Warner Bros.           3 | Walter Matthau
        ...                         ...

       SELECT distributors.name
           FROM distributors
           WHERE distributors.name LIKE 'W%'
       UNION
       SELECT actors.name
           FROM actors
           WHERE actors.name LIKE 'W%';

             name
       ----------------
        Walt Disney
        Walter Matthau
        Warner Bros.
        Warren Beatty
        Westward
        Woody Allen


        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       CREATE FUNCTION distributors(int) RETURNS SETOF distributors AS '
           SELECT * FROM distributors WHERE did = $1;
       ' LANGUAGE SQL;

       SELECT * FROM distributors(111);
        did |    name
       -----+-------------
        111 | Walt Disney

       CREATE FUNCTION distributors_2(int) RETURNS SETOF record AS '
           SELECT * FROM distributors WHERE did = $1;
       ' LANGUAGE SQL;

       SELECT * FROM distributors_2(111) AS (f1 int, f2 text);
        f1  |     f2
       -----+-------------
        111 | Walt Disney


COMPATIBILITY <?><?><?>
        <?><?><?>SELECT <?><?><?> SQL
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   <?><?> FROM <?><?>
       PostgreSQL <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT 2+2;

        ?column?
       ----------
               4

        <?><?><?><?> SQL
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       SELECT <?><?><?>

       SELECT distributors.* WHERE distributors.name = 'Westward';

        did |   name
       -----+----------
        108 | Westward

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> SELECT <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       FROM <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?><?>

        <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT distributors.* FROM distributors d;

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT d.* FROM distributors d;

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SELECT distributors.* FROM distributors d, distributors distributors;

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> PostgreSQL
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> FROM <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       Also, it is possible to disable the implicit-FROM feature by setting
       the ADD_MISSING_FROM parameter to false.

   AS <?><?><?>
        <?> SQL <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> AS
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       PostgreSQL
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>/<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?>AS <?> FROM <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

   GROUP BY <?> ORDER BY <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
        <?> SQL92 <?><?><?><?>ORDER BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> <?> GROUP BY
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> PostgreSQL
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       PostgreSQL <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       SQL99 uses a slightly different definition which is not upward
       compatible with SQL92. In most cases, however, PostgreSQL will
       interpret an ORDER BY or GROUP BY expression the same way SQL99 does.

   <?><?><?><?><?>
       DISTINCT ON, LIMIT, <?> OFFSET <?><?><?><?> SQL <?><?><?><?><?><?>

<?><?>
       Postgresql <?><?><?><?> <?><?><?> <laser@pgsqldb.org>

<?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> man <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?> man <?><?><?><?><?><?>https://github.com/man-pages-zh/manpages-
       zh

SQL - Language Statements         2003-11-02                         SELECT(7)