名称

pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv - convert between the system's shadowed and plain account files

大纲

pwconv [options]

pwunconv [options]

grpconv [options]

grpunconv [options]

描述

The pwconv command creates shadow from passwd and an optionally existing shadow.

The pwunconv command creates a plain passwd from shadowed passwd and shadow and then removes shadow.

The grpconv command creates gshadow from group and an optionally existing gshadow.

The grpunconv command creates plain group from shadowed group and gshadow and then removes gshadow.

These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files: /etc/passwd, /etc/group, /etc/shadow, and /etc/gshadow.

Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. pwconv and grpconv are similar. First, entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the plain file are removed. Then, entries in the shadowed file which don't have `x' as the password in plain file are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in the plain file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the plain file has been edited by hand.

pwconv will use the values of PASS_MAX_DAYS, and PASS_WARN_AGE from /etc/login.defs when adding new entries to /etc/shadow.

Likewise pwunconv and grpunconv are similar. Passwords in the plain file are updated from the shadowed file. Entries which exist in the plain file but not in the shadowed file are left alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging information is lost by pwunconv. It will convert what it can.

选项

The options which apply to the pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, and grpunconv commands are:

-h, --help

显示帮助信息并退出。

-R, --root CHROOT_DIR

Apply changes in the CHROOT_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the CHROOT_DIR directory. Only absolute paths are supported. No SELINUX support.

缺陷

Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. Please run pwck and grpck to correct any such errors before converting to or from shadowed files.

配置文件

The following configuration variable in /etc/login.defs changes the behavior of grpconv and grpunconv:

MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP (number)

Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in /etc/group (with the same name, same password, and same GID).

默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。

此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。

如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。

注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。

The following configuration variables in /etc/login.defs change the behavior of pwconv:

PASS_MAX_DAYS (number)

一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧，将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定，就假定为 -1，这会禁用这个限制。

PASS_WARN_AGE (number)

The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a value of -1 means no warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided.

文件

/etc/login.defs

Shadow 密码套件配置。

参见

grpck(8), login.defs(5), pwck(8).

2026-07-30

shadow-utils 4.20.0