PERLBOOT(7)            Perl Programmers Reference Guide            PERLBOOT(7)


NAME
       perlboot - <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

DESCRIPTION <?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>perl<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?>
       perlobj , <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?> perltoot,
       <?><?><?><?>perl<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> (perlsub), <?><?> (perlref et. seq.), <?>
       <?>(<?><?><?>) (perlmod),
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       If we could talk to the animals...<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           sub Cow::speak {
             print "a Cow goes moooo!\n";
           }
           sub Horse::speak {
             print "a Horse goes neigh!\n";
           }
           sub Sheep::speak {
             print "a Sheep goes baaaah!\n"
           }

           Cow::speak;
           Horse::speak;
           Sheep::speak;

       <?><?><?>:

           a Cow goes moooo!
           a Horse goes neigh!
           a Sheep goes baaaah!

       <?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           # Cow::speak, Horse::speak, Sheep::speak <?><?><?>
           @pasture = qw(Cow Cow Horse Sheep Sheep);
           foreach $animal (@pasture) {
             &{$animal."::speak"};
           }

       <?><?><?>:

           a Cow goes moooo!
           a Cow goes moooo!
           a Horse goes neigh!
           a Sheep goes baaaah!
           a Sheep goes baaaah!

       <?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?> "no
       strict subs" <?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>?
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?>?

       Introducing the method invocation arrow <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?>,<?><?><?> "Class->method"
       <?><?><?><?><?>(<?><?><?>)"Class"<?><?> "method" <?><?><?>(Here,
       "Class" is used in its "category" meaning, not its "scholastic"
       meaning.) <?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?>:

           # Cow::speak, Horse::speak, Sheep::speak as before
           Cow->speak;
           Horse->speak;
           Sheep->speak;

       <?><?><?>:

           a Cow goes moooo!
           a Horse goes neigh!
           a Sheep goes baaaah!

       <?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?>,<?><?><?><?>. <?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?>:

           $a = "Cow";
           $a->speak; # invokes Cow->speak

       <?>! <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?>,<?><?><?> "use strict
       refs" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       Invoking a barnyard <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           sub Cow::speak {
             print "a Cow goes moooo!\n";
           }
           sub Horse::speak {
             print "a Horse goes neigh!\n";
           }
           sub Sheep::speak {
             print "a Sheep goes baaaah!\n"
           }

           @pasture = qw(Cow Cow Horse Sheep Sheep);
           foreach $animal (@pasture) {
             $animal->speak;
           }

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?> "speak"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>: <?><?> "print"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       "goes" <?><?><?> "says" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       The extra parameter of method invocation <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?>:

           Class->method(@args)

       <?><?><?><?><?><?> "Class::method"<?>

           Class::method("Class", @args);

       (<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,"<?><?><?>inheritance"
       <?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>).
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>(<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>).<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       "Sheep" speaking <?><?><?>:

           sub Sheep::speak {
             my $class = shift;
             print "a $class goes baaaah!\n";
           }

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           sub Cow::speak {
             my $class = shift;
             print "a $class goes moooo!\n";
           }
           sub Horse::speak {
             my $class = shift;
             print "a $class goes neigh!\n";
           }

       <?><?> $class  <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>? <?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       Calling a second method to simplify things
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?> "speak" <?><?><?> "sound". <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

           { package Cow;
             sub sound { "moooo" }
             sub speak {
               my $class = shift;
               print "a $class goes ", $class->sound, "!\n"
             }
           }

       <?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?> "Cow->speak" <?>, <?><?><?> "speak" <?><?><?>
       "Cow" <?><?> $class. <?><?><?><?> "Cow->sound" <?><?>, <?><?><?><?>
       "moooo". <?><?><?><?> "Horse" <?>?

           { package Horse;
             sub sound { "neigh" }
             sub speak {
               my $class = shift;
               print "a $class goes ", $class->sound, "!\n"
             }
           }

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>Cow<?>Horse<?><?><?> "speak" <?>?
       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?>!

       Inheriting the windpipes <?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?> "Animal",<?><?><?><?><?>
       "speak":

           { package Animal;
             sub speak {
               my $class = shift;
               print "a $class goes ", $class->sound, "!\n"
             }
           }

       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "<?><?><?>inherits" "Animal" <?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           { package Cow;
             @ISA = qw(Animal);
             sub sound { "moooo" }
           }

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> @ISA  . <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Cow->speak" <?><?><?><?><?><?>?

       <?><?>, Perl<?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?> "Cow".
       <?><?>Perl <?><?> "Cow::speak". <?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?>Perl<?><?><?><?><?><?> @Cow::ISA. <?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?>
       "Animal"

       Perl <?><?><?> "Animal" <?><?><?> "speak", "Animal::speak". <?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?> "Animal::speak" <?>, $class <?> "Cow" (<?><?><?><?><?>).
       <?><?><?><?><?> "$class->sound" <?>, <?><?><?><?> "Cow->sound" ,
       <?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?> @ISA. <?><?>!

       <?><?>@ISA<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?> @ISA <?><?> (<?><?> "is a" <?><?><?> "ice-uh"), <?><?><?>
       "Cow" <?><?><?>("is a") "Animal"<?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?> "Animal" <?><?><?><?> @ISA, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?> @ISA <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?>,<?><?> @ISA
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>(<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>),
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?> "use strict", @ISA<?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       ("my").
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>"my"<?><?>(<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>),<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           @Cow::ISA = qw(Animal);

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           package Cow;
           use vars qw(@ISA);
           @ISA = qw(Animal);

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?>:

           package Cow;
           use Animal;
           use vars qw(@ISA);
           @ISA = qw(Animal);

       <?><?><?>:

           package Cow;
           use base qw(Animal);

       <?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       Overriding the methods <?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           # Animal package from before
           { package Mouse;
             @ISA = qw(Animal);
             sub sound { "squeak" }
             sub speak {
               my $class = shift;
               print "a $class goes ", $class->sound, "!\n";
               print "[but you can barely hear it!]\n";
             }
           }

           Mouse->speak;

       <?><?><?>:

           a Mouse goes squeak!
           [but you can barely hear it!]

       <?><?><?>, "Mouse" <?><?><?><?><?>speak <?><?>, <?><?> "Mouse->speak"
       <?><?><?><?>"Animal->speak". <?><?><?><?><?> "overriding". <?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>"Mouse" <?> "Animal", <?><?> "speak"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Mouse" <?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Animal->speak" <?><?><?> ,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?> "Mouse" <?><?><?>
       "Animal" <?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>? <?><?>!

       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Animal::speak" <?><?>:

           # Animal package from before
           { package Mouse;
             @ISA = qw(Animal);
             sub sound { "squeak" }
             sub speak {
               my $class = shift;
               Animal::speak($class);
               print "[but you can barely hear it!]\n";
             }
           }

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> $class (<?><?><?><?><?>"Mouse") <?><?>
       "Animal::speak" <?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>? <?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       "Animal->speak", <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Animal" <?><?><?> "Mouse" ,
       <?><?><?><?><?> "sound" <?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?> "Animal::speak" <?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?>
       "Animal::speak" <?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?> @Animal::ISA
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>? <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?> "Animal" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?> <Mouse> <?>
       @ISA<?><?><?><?><?><?> "speak" <?><?><?> "Animal" <?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       Starting the search from a different place <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>Perl<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

           # same Animal as before
           { package Mouse;
             # same @ISA, &sound as before
             sub speak {
               my $class = shift;
               $class->Animal::speak;
               print "[but you can barely hear it!]\n";
             }
           }

       <?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?> "Animal" <?><?> "speak",
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Animal" <?><?><?><?>.<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       $class, <?><?> "speak" <?>"Mouse::sound" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.<?><?><?><?><?><?><?> @ISA
       <?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?> "Mouse" <?><?><?><?><?><?>
       @ISA, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "speak".
       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>?

       The SUPER way of doing things <?><?>SUPER<?><?>

       <?><?><?> "Animal" <?><?> "SUPER" <?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>(@ISA):

           # same Animal as before
           { package Mouse;
             # same @ISA, &sound as before
             sub speak {
               my $class = shift;
               $class->SUPER::speak;
               print "[but you can barely hear it!]\n";
             }
           }

       "SUPER::speak" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> @ISA <?><?><?> "speak",
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> $class <?> @ISA

       Where we're at so far...<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         Class->method(@args);

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         $a = "Class";
         $a->method(@args);

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         ("Class", @args)

       <?><?><?>

         Class::method("Class", @Args);

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Class::method", <?><?><?><?><?> @Class::ISA
       (<?><?><?>) <?><?><?><?><?><?> "method" <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,(<?>)<?><?>,<?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
       <?><?><?><?>----<?><?><?><?><?><?>?

       <?><?><?> "Animal" <?> "Horse" <?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         { package Animal;
           sub speak {
             my $class = shift;
             print "a $class goes ", $class->sound, "!\n"
           }
         }
         { package Horse;
           @ISA = qw(Animal);
           sub sound { "neigh" }
         }

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Horse->speak"<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       "Animal::speak"<?><?><?><?><?> "Horse::sound"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         a Horse goes neigh!

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>? <?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "<?><?>,instance" <?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?>Perl<?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         my $name = "Mr. Ed";
         my $talking = \$name;

       <?><?> $talking <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>( $name
       )<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?>
       "bless":

         bless $talking, Horse;

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Horse"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?>,<?><?><?> $talking <?> "Horse" <?><?><?><?><?> . <?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       Invoking an instance method <?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?>, <?><?> $talking <?><?><?><?>:

         my $noise = $talking->sound;

       <?><?><?> "sound", Perl <?><?><?><?><?> $talking <?><?><?> blessed
       <?><?> (<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>). <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?> $talking.
       (<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.)

       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>: Perl <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?> "Horse", <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?>,
       "Horse::sound" <?><?><?><?><?><?>(<?><?><?><?><?><?>),
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         Horse::sound($talking)

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?> "neigh",
       <?><?><?><?><?> $noise <?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?> Horse::sound, <?><?> @Horse::ISA <?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>(<?><?>blessed<?><?>)<?><?><?><?><?><?>(<?><?><?><?><?>).

       Accessing the instance data <?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         { package Horse;
           @ISA = qw(Animal);
           sub sound { "neigh" }
           sub name {
             my $self = shift;
             $$self;
           }
         }

       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         print $talking->name, " says ", $talking->sound, "\n";

       <?> "Horse::name" <?>, @_ <?><?><?><?><?> $talking, shift <?> $talking
       <?><?><?> $self.
       (<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       $self, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.) <?><?>, $self
       <?><?><?><?>,<?><?> "Mr. Ed", <?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?>:

         Mr. Ed says neigh.

       How to build a horse <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>"<?><?>"<?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>? <?><?>,<?><?><?> Horse
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         { package Horse;
           @ISA = qw(Animal);
           sub sound { "neigh" }
           sub name {
             my $self = shift;
             $$self;
           }
           sub named {
             my $class = shift;
             my $name = shift;
             bless \$name, $class;
           }
         }

       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?> "named" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         my $talking = Horse->named("Mr. Ed");

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?> "Horse::named"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?> "Horse" <?> "Mr. Ed". "bless" <?><?><?><?><?><?>
       $name <?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?> $name <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "named", <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       "Horse" <?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>(<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>).
       <?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>Perl<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "new",
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "new" <?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       (<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?>?)

       Inheriting the constructor <?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "Horse"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>? <?><?>. <?><?>, <?> "Animal"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?>::

         { package Animal;
           sub speak {
             my $class = shift;
             print "a $class goes ", $class->sound, "!\n"
           }
           sub name {
             my $self = shift;
             $$self;
           }
           sub named {
             my $class = shift;
             my $name = shift;
             bless \$name, $class;
           }
         }
         { package Horse;
           @ISA = qw(Animal);
           sub sound { "neigh" }
         }

       <?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "speak" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>?

         my $talking = Horse->named("Mr. Ed");
         $talking->speak;

       <?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         a Horse=SCALAR(0xaca42ac) goes neigh!

       <?><?><?>?<?><?> "Animal::speak" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       Making a method work with either classes or instances
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "ref" <?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       "undef". <?><?><?><?><?><?> "name" <?><?>:

         sub name {
           my $either = shift;
           ref $either
             ? $$either # it's an instance, return name
             : "an unnamed $either"; # it's a class, return generic
         }

       <?><?><?>, "?:"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>(dereference)<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> $either <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         my $talking = Horse->named("Mr. Ed");
         print Horse->name, "\n"; # prints "an unnamed Horse\n"
         print $talking->name, "\n"; # prints "Mr Ed.\n"

       <?><?><?><?><?><?> "speak" :

         sub speak {
           my $either = shift;
           print $either->name, " goes ", $either->sound, "\n";
         }

       <?> "sound" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>!

       Adding parameters to a method <?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         { package Animal;
           sub named {
             my $class = shift;
             my $name = shift;
             bless \$name, $class;
           }
           sub name {
             my $either = shift;
             ref $either
               ? $$either # it's an instance, return name
               : "an unnamed $either"; # it's a class, return generic
           }
           sub speak {
             my $either = shift;
             print $either->name, " goes ", $either->sound, "\n";
           }
           sub eat {
             my $either = shift;
             my $food = shift;
             print $either->name, " eats $food.\n";
           }
         }
         { package Horse;
           @ISA = qw(Animal);
           sub sound { "neigh" }
         }
         { package Sheep;
           @ISA = qw(Animal);
           sub sound { "baaaah" }
         }

       <?><?><?>:

         my $talking = Horse->named("Mr. Ed");
         $talking->eat("hay");
         Sheep->eat("grass");

       <?><?><?>:

         Mr. Ed eats hay.
         an unnamed Sheep eats grass.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         Animal::eat($talking, "hay");

       More interesting instances <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>?
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>'<?><?><?><?>"(instance
       variables)<?><?>"<?><?><?><?>"(member
       variables)<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>?
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>(blessed)<?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

         my $bad = bless { Name => "Evil", Color => "black" }, Sheep;

       <?><?> "$bad->{Name}" <?> "Evil", "$bad->{Color}" <?> "black".
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> "$bad->name" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>name,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         ## in Animal
         sub name {
           my $either = shift;
           ref $either ?
             $either->{Name} :
             "an unnamed $either";
         }

       "named" <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         ## in Animal
         sub named {
           my $class = shift;
           my $name = shift;
           my $self = { Name => $name, Color => $class->default_color };
           bless $self, $class;
         }

       <?><?><?><?> "default_color" <?><?><?>? <?>, <?><?> "named"
       <?><?><?><?><?><?>name, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?><?>:

         ## in Sheep
         sub default_color { "white" }

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?> "Animal"
       <?><?><?><?><?> "<?><?><?><?><?><?>backstop" <?><?><?>:

         ## in Animal
         sub default_color { "brown" }

       <?><?>, <?><?><?><?> "name" <?> "named" <?><?><?><?>
       "<?><?><?>structure" <?><?>, <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>, <?><?>
       "speak" <?><?><?><?>.

       A horse of a different color <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

         ## in Animal
         sub color {
           $_[0]->{Color}
         }
         sub set_color {
           $_[0]->{Color} = $_[1];
         }

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>: $_[0] <?><?><?><?>,
       <?><?><?><?> "shift".
       (<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.)
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?>Mr. Ed<?><?><?><?><?><?>:

         my $talking = Horse->named("Mr. Ed");
         $talking->set_color("black-and-white");
         print $talking->name, " is colored ", $talking->color, "\n";

       <?><?><?>:

         Mr. Ed is colored black-and-white

       Summary <?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>(accessor).
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       getters,setters
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>(destructor),<?><?><?><?>(indirect
       object notation),<?><?>(subclasses that add instance data),per-class
       data,<?><?>(overloading),"isa" <?> "can" <?><?>,<?><?><?>("UNIVERSAL"
       class),<?><?>. <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.
       <?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>.

SEE ALSO <?><?>
       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?> perlobj
       (<?><?><?><?><?><?>Perl<?><?><?><?><?>,<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>), perltoot
       (<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>),  perlbot  (<?><?><?><?><?>),
       <?><?><?><?>,<?><?>Damian
       Conway<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>Perl (Object Oriented
       Perl)<?><?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> Class::Accessor,
       Class::Class, Class::Contract, Class::Data::Inheritable,
       Class::MethodMaker <?><?> Tie::SecureHash

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (c) 1999, 2000 by Randal L. Schwartz and Stonehenge
       Consulting Services, Inc.  Permission is hereby granted to distribute
       this document intact with the Perl distribution, and in accordance with
       the licenses of the Perl distribution; derived documents must include
       this copyright notice intact.

       Portions of this text have been derived from Perl Training materials
       originally appearing in the Packages, References, Objects, and Modules
       course taught by instructors for Stonehenge Consulting Services, Inc.
       and used with permission.

       Portions of this text have been derived from materials originally
       appearing in Linux Magazine and used with permission.

<?><?><?><?><?><?>
       redcandle <redcandle51@chinaren.com>

<?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       2001<?>12<?>9<?><?><?><?>

<?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       http://cmpp.linuxforum.net

       <?>

       <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?> man <?><?><?><?><?><?><?><?>
       <?><?> man <?><?><?><?><?><?>https://github.com/man-pages-zh/manpages-
       zh

perl v5.8.3                       2003-11-25                       PERLBOOT(7)