PASSWD(1) User Commands PASSWD(1) NAMN passwd - andra anvandarlosenord SYNOPSIS passwd [options] [LOGIN] BESKRIVNING The passwd command changes passwords for user accounts. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account. passwd also changes the account or associated password validity period. Losenordsandringar The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed. After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, passwd refuses to change the password and exits. Anvandaren fragas sedan tva ganger efter ett ersattande losenord. Den andra inmatningen jamfors mot den forsta och bada maste stamma overens for att losenordet ska andras. Then, the password is tested for complexity. passwd will reject any password which is not suitably complex. Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters. Tips for anvandarlosenord The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy UNIX System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More recent methods are now recommended (see ENCRYPT_METHOD). The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected. Problem i losenordssakerheten brukar normalt komma fran slarvigt valda losenord eller hantering. Av denna anledning bor du inte valja ett losenord som finns i en ordbok eller som maste skrivas ner. Losenordet bor heller inte vara ett korrekt namn, ditt personnummer, fodelsedatum eller gatuadress. Dessa kan anvandas som gissningar for att ta sig in i systemet. As a general guideline, passwords should be long and random. It's fine to use simple character sets, such as passwords consisting only of lowercase letters, if that helps memorizing longer passwords. For a password consisting only of lowercase English letters randomly chosen, and a length of 32, there are 26^32 (approximately 2^150) different possible combinations. Being an exponential equation, it's apparent that the exponent (the length) is more important than the base (the size of the character set). You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength FLAGGOR The options which apply to the passwd command are: -a, --all This option can be used only with -S and causes show status for all users. -d, --delete Ta bort en anvandares losenord (gor det blankt). Detta ar ett snabbt satt att inaktivera ett losenord for ett konto. Det kommer att ta bort det angivna kontots losenord. -e, --expire Losenordet for ett konto satts omedelbart som utganget. Detta kan tvinga en anvandare att andra sitt losenord vid nasta inloggningsforsok. -h, --help Visa hjalpmeddelande och avsluta. -i, --inactive INACTIVE This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired password for INACTIVE days, the user may no longer sign on to the account. -k, --keep-tokens Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as before. -l, --lock Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a '!' at the beginning of the password). Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the account, administrators should use usermod --expiredate 1 (this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970). Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password. -n, --mindays MIN_DAYS Set the minimum number of days between password changes to MIN_DAYS. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time. -q, --quiet Tyst lage. -r, --repository REPOSITORY change password in REPOSITORY repository -R, --root CHROOT_DIR Apply changes in the CHROOT_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the CHROOT_DIR directory. Only absolute paths are supported. -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR Apply changes to configuration files under the root filesystem found under the directory PREFIX_DIR. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support. -S, --status Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in days. -u, --unlock Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the -l option). -w, --warndays WARN_DAYS Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The WARN_DAYS option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire. -x, --maxdays MAX_DAYS Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After MAX_DAYS, the password is required to be changed. Passing the number -1 as MAX_DAYS will remove checking a password's validity. -s, --stdin This option is used to indicate that passwd should read the new password from standard input, which can be a pipe. TANK PA Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with. Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled and they are not logged into the NIS server. passwd uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their passwords. FILER /etc/passwd Anvandarkontoinformation. /etc/shadow Saker anvandarkontoinformation. /etc/pam.d/passwd PAM configuration for passwd. AVSLUTNINGSVARDEN The passwd command exits with the following values: 0 success 1 permission denied 2 invalid combination of options 3 unexpected failure, nothing done 4 unexpected failure, passwd file missing 5 passwd file busy, try again 6 invalid argument to option SE OCKSA chpasswd(8), makepasswd(1), passwd(5), shadow(5), usermod(8). The following web page comically (yet correctly) compares the strength of two different methods for choosing a password: "https://xkcd.com/936/" shadow-utils 4.15.1 01-04-2024 PASSWD(1)