MOUNT(8) mount - mount [-h|-V] mount [-l] [-t -] mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t -] [-O -] mount [-fnrsvw] [-o ] |- mount [-fnrsvw] [-t -] [-o ] - mount --bind|--rbind|--move - - mount --make-[shared|slave|private|unbindable|rshared|rslave|rprivate|runbindable] - , , /. . mount . , umount(8) . . mount : mount -t ( ) . -t . mount . . ,, " . ( ) - , , . , : mount /dir mount ( ) /etc/fstab . --target --source . : mount --target /- , (. ) . mount . . --all, ( --all ). . findmnt(8), . ,,?". ( ): mount [-l] [-t ] -l . . ( ), /dev/sda1, . , NFS , knuth.cwi.nl:/dir. ; . . (): LABEL= . -L. UUID= . - . -U. mount - . - fstab-(5) . - . PARTLABEL= . mkfs mkswap . (). PARTUUID= . mkfs mkswap . (). ID= ,,udev". WWN- ( ) . ls /dev/disk/by-id , ,,udevd"-. ,,udev"-, ,,udev" . lsblk --fs , - - . blkid -p <> . - , , . lsblk -o +, - . (. UUID=) /dev/disk/by-{label,uuid,id,partuuid,partlabel} ,,udev"- /etc/fstab . , . mount(8) ,,udev"-, /etc/fstab . libblkid(3). proc , - , proc - . ( none : ,,none " mount- .) ,,/etc/fstab", ,,/etc/mtab" ,,/proc/mounts" /etc/fstab ( fstab(5)), , . fstab(5) --fstab path ( ). mount -a [-t ] [-O -] ( ) fstab- ( / ) , noauto. -F mount , . fstab- mtab-, , . mount umount(8) /etc/mtab. /etc/mtab , /etc/mtab- /proc/mounts. mtab , . mtab , . mount, . /etc/fstab, -o: mount | -o /etc/fstab-. --options-mode. . mount /etc/fstab ( , , , ) . , foo /dir: mount /dev/foo /dir --options-source-force fstab-. mount fstab . - , . , fstab user , . , /dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide ,,iso9660" CDROM- : mount /cd mount fstab . , mount . NFS CIFS . ,,util-linux"- 2.35, mount ,,libmount"-. , ,,suid" . (. , , .). , fstab(5). . , users user fstab . owner user, . . /dev/fd . group , . user . user=, (/sbin/mount.<>) . . : mount --bind - - fstab-: /- /- none bind . ,,bind" VFS . ,,bind" . ,,bind". . ( ). , : mount --bind foo foo () , . : mount --rbind - - . (. _netdev) mount mount-. ,,util-linux"- 2.27 mount --bind. : mount -o bind,ro foo foo ; mount(2) . . () , : mount --bind - - mount -o remount,bind,ro - - (VFS , , - , - . ,,nosuid", ,,nodev", ,,noexec", ,,noatime", ,,nodiratime", ,,relatime" ,,nosymfollow" VFS ,,remount,bind". ( ) . mount(2) ( -o rbind,ro). mount_setattr(2) ,,libmount"- ,,util-linux"- 2.39 ,," (. -o rbind,ro=recursive) . . ,,util-linux"- 2.31, mount bind /etc/fstab remount ( -o remount ). . . mount- ,,remount,bind" /etc/fstab. Since util-linux 2.39, mount may use the new kernel mount API if it is available. This new kernel interface provides a more precise way to work with mountpoint attributes. For example, the -o bind,rw operation will create a read-write node even if the original node was read-only. This was impossible with the old classic mount(2) syscall, where the read-only VFS flag was inherited from the original node. mounted tree (). : mount --move - - - -. . - . . findmnt -o , . 2.6.15 , , . . , . . . Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt ; mount_namespaces(7). : mount --make-shared - mount --make-slave - mount --make-private - mount --make-unbindable - . mount --make-rshared - mount --make-rslave - mount --make-rprivate - mount --make-runbindable - mount fstab(5) --make-* . . mount(2) , . ,,util-linux"- 2.23 mount () mount(8) . mount(2) . . fstab-(5) (private, slave, shared, unbindable, rprivate, rslave, rshared, runbindable). : mount --make-private --make-unbindable /dev/sda1 /foo : mount /dev/sda1 /foo mount --make-private /foo mount --make-unbindable /foo mount- fstab , -o, -r -w, . mount /sbin/mount. . mount- . mount : -a, --all ( ) fstab- ( noauto). fstab-. mount , ( ,,btfrs") . mount --all. fstab . /proc ( ) /sys ( ,,=" ,,="). /proc /sys mount -a , ,,/proc" ,,/sys" fstab. --all . (-t -O) . 2.35 je -o fstab- ( --options-mode). mount -a fstab-. findmnt --verify. -B, --bind ( ). , . -c, --no-canonicalize Do not canonicalize any paths or tags during the mount process. The mount command automatically canonicalizes all paths (from the command line or fstab). This option can be used in conjunction with the -f flag for paths that are already canonicalized. This option is intended for mount helpers that call mount -i. It is highly recommended to not use this command-line option for regular mount operations. See also the X-mount.nocanonicalize mount options. mount /sbin/mount.. -F, --fork ( -a.) mount- . NFS . ; NFS . . , /usr /usr/spool. -f, --fake . --fake /etc/mtab . /etc/mtab , 2.39, . --fake ,,libmount" , . . --fake mount(8) . -i, --internal-only /sbin/mount.- . -L, --label . -l, --show-labels ,,mount"-. mount (. ,,--") . ,,ext2", ,,ext3" ,,ext4" e2label(8) , XFS xfs_admin(8), ,,reiserfs" reiserfstune(8). -M, --move . , . -m, --mkdir[=mode] ( ) . ,,-o X-mount.mkdir[=]", 0755. X-mount.mkdir. --map-groups, --map-users :__:__ / X-mount.idmap map. . X-mount.idmap . --map-users /proc//ns/ - . ,,-o X-mount.idmap=/proc/PID/ns/user" :__:__ . X-mount.idmap . -n, --no-mtab /etc/mtab. /etc . -N, --namespace - ns. ns . mount /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab: ( _/run/mount) mount(2), . mount(2) . mount_namespaces(7) . -O, --test-opts -a . -t -O -a. , mount -a -O no_netdev netdev /etc/fstab . -t ; no . -t -O ; , mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdev ,,ext2" netdev, ,,ext2" netdev . -o, --options . . : mount LABEL=- -o noatime,nodev,nosuid , . ,,fstab"-. , . --onlyonce mount . --all; , . (. ,,tmpfs"). --options-mode fstab/mtab . ignore, append, prepend replace. , append fstab- . prepend - fstab . . --options-source . fstab, mtab disable. disable fstab mtab --options-source-force. fstab,mtab. --options-source-force fstab/mtab . -R, --rbind ( ). , . -r, --read-only . -o ro. , , , . , ,,ext3" ,,ext4" . , ,,ext3" ,,ext4" ro,noload , blockdev(8). -s . . . mount.nfs. --source mount, ( ) (). . --target , ( ) (). . --target-prefix . fstab, , : mount --all --target-prefix /chroot -o X-mount.mkdir fstab /chroot, ( ,,X-mount.mkdir"). --fstab fstab. -T, --fstab fstab . , strverscmp(3); (.) .fstab . . ,,initramfs" ,,chroot" . mount --fstab /sbin/mount., fstab . , ( ) fstab . -t, --types - -t . . /proc/filesystems /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs . ext2, ext3, ext4, xfs, btrfs, vfat, sysfs, proc, nfs cifs. mount umount(8) . ,,.subtype". ,,fuse.sshfs". ( ,,sshfs#example.com" ). -t, auto, mount . mount libblkid(3) ; , mount /etc/filesystems, , , /proc/filesystems. , ,,nodev" (. devpts, proc nfs). /etc/filesystems *, ,,mount" /proc/filesystems. , silent. auto . /etc/filesystems (., ,,vfat"- ,,msdos"- ,,ext3" ,,ext2") . , -t /etc/fstab . -t no . no /etc/fstab . no -a. , mount -a -t nomsdos,smbfs msdos smbfs. mount mount(2) , . , ( nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) - . nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs . , mount /sbin/mount. ( ) . smbmount , /sbin/mount.smbfs . -U, --uuid . -v, --verbose Enables verbose mode. Starting from version 2.41, if the new kernel mount API is available, it will also print kernel info messages. -w, --rw, --read-write /. - mount- mount(2) - . -o rw. -w mount . -h, --help . -V, --version Display version and exit. /etc/fstab. . , /proc/mounts. ( tune2fs -l ,,extN" ). Virtual Filesystem Notes The Virtual File System (VFS) is the abstract layer in the kernel that provides the filesystem interface to userspace programs. It also provides an abstraction within the kernel which allows different filesystem implementations to coexist. Some of the mount options only apply to this layer. The options nosuid, noexec, nodiratime, relatime, noatime, strictatime, and nosymfollow are interpreted only by the virtual-filesystem kernel layer and are applied to the mountpoint node rather than to the filesystem itself. To get a complete overview of filesystems and VFS options, try: findmnt -o ,VFS-,FS- Since v2.39, libmount can use a new kernel mount interface to set the VFS attributes recursively. For backward compatibility, this feature is not enabled by default, even if recursive operation (e.g. rbind) has been requested. The new option argument "recursive" can be specified, for example: mount -orbind,ro=recursive,noexec=recursive,nosuid /foo /bar This recursively binds filesystems from /foo to /bar, making /bar and all submounts read-only and noexec, but only /bar itself will be "nosuid". The "recursive" optional argument for VFS mount options is an EXPERIMENTAL feature. Read-only Setting Notes The read-only setting (ro or rw) is interpreted by the virtual-filesystem and the filesystem, and it depends on how the option is specified on the mount(8) command line. For backward compatibility, the default is to use it for both layers during standard mount operations. The operation "-o bind,remount,ro" is applied only to the VFS mountpoint, while the operation "-o remount,ro" is applied to both the VFS and filesystem superblock. This semantic allows for the creation of a read-only mountpoint while keeping the filesystem writable from another mountpoint. Since version 2.41, libmount has the ability to use optional arguments vfs and fs (e.g. ro=fs) to specify where the read-only setting should be applied. For example, using the command: mount -o ro=vfs /dev/sdc1 /A will mount the filesystem as read-write on the superblock level, but the /A node will be set as read-only. In previous versions, this required an additional "-o bind,remount,ro" operation to achieve the same result. Generic Mount Options The following options apply to any filesystem that is being mounted, but not every filesystem actually honors them. For example, the sync option only has an effect on ext2, ext3, ext4, fat, vfat, ufs, and xfs filesystems. async / . ( sync.) atime noatime, - . relatime strictatime. noatime - (. ). - ( ), nodiratime. auto -a. noauto (. -a ). context=, fscontext=, defcontext= rootcontext= context= , VFAT-, , ,,ext3" ,,ext4" e . context= , . ,,xattr" 2.4.. ,,xattrs"-, . context="system_u:object_r:removable_t. fscontext= , ,,xattr" . ,,fscontext" . . , . ,,xattr"- . ,,fscontext" , . defcontext=. ,,xattr" . rootcontext= - - . . @target . , ,," . : * * , , mount . . : mount -t tmpfs none /mnt -o \ 'context="system_u:object_r:tmp_t:s0:c127,c456",noexec' , selinux(8). defaults : rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async. . . dev . nodev . diratime - . . ( noatime.) nodiratime - . ( noatime.) dirsync . : creat(2), link(2), unlink(2), symlink(2), mkdir(2), rmdir(2), mknod(2) rename(2). exec . noexec . group . nosuid nodev ( , group,dev,suid). iversion - , i_ . noiversion - i_. mand . fcntl(2). 5.15. nomand . _netdev ( ). nofail . relatime - . . ( noatime, mutt(1) .) 2.6.30, ( noatime), strictatime . , 2.6.30, 1 . norelatime relatime. strictatime. strictatime ,,atime"-. relatime noatime, . /proc/mounts. nostrictatime -. lazytime (atime, mtime, ctime) - . - . : o - o fsync(2), syncfs(2), sync(2) o - o 24 - . nolazytime ,,lazytime". suid -- -- . nosuid ,,--" ,,--" . , nosuid_transition, nnp_nosuid_transition. silent . loud . owner . nosuid nodev ( , owner,dev,suid). remount . , . . bind . , . VFS (nodev,nosuid,noexec,ro) . mount(8) fstab /proc/self/mountinfo. --options-mode. ( 2.39 mount_setattr(2) ), , mount -o remount,ro=recursive, ,,reset-unspecified" /, . mount fstab-. mount fstab ( mtab) . mount -o remount,rw /dev/foo /dir fstab- ( mtab-) , loop= mount. mount -o remount,rw /dir , mount fstab (-o). fstab-, /proc/self/mountinfo. mount --all (-O -t). : mount --all -o remount,ro -t vfat ,,vfat" . mount -o remount,ro /dir. mount fstab mtab . ro[=(recursive|vfs|fs)] Mount the filesystem read-only. The optional argument is an experimental feature supported only by the file-descriptor based kernel mount API and it is silently ignored for the old mount(2) syscall. The recursive argument forces the VFS attribute to be applied recursively. The vfs and fs arguments specify the layer where the read-only flag should be applied. The fs specifies the filesystem superblock (unique filesystem instance in the kernel), and vfs specifies the mount node. If no attribute is specified, then both layers are set to read-only. For more details, please refer to the Read-only Setting Notes section. rw[=(recursive|vfs|fs)] -. sync / . (. ), sync . user . mtab ( ,,libmount" /run/mount mtab) . noexec, nosuid, nodev ( , user,exec,dev,suid). nouser . ; . users , . noexec, nosuid nodev ( , users,exec,dev,suid). X-* ,,X-" . (., mtab ), ,,mount." mount(2) . X-.. x-* X-*, . umount(8) . , ,,libmount"- ( ). ,,util-linux"- 2.30 ,,x-" ,,libmount"- ( ,,X-" ), ( ,,initrd"-, ,,systemd"- .) fstab . X-mount.auto-fstypes= . . ,,auto" . ,,mount" ( -t ). ,,no". , ,,X-mount.auto-fstypes="ext4,btrfs"" ,,ext4" ,,btrfs", ,,X-mount.auto-fstypes="novfat,xfs"" ,,vfat" ,,xfs". , ,,auto-fstypes" , . : mount -t auto -o'X-mount.auto-fstypes="noext2,ext3"' /dev/sdc1 /mnt/test X-mount.mkdir[=mode] ( ) . mkdir(2) . 0755. mount ,,suid" . x-mount.mkdir, 2.30. --mkdir. X-mount.nocanonicalize[=type] Allows disabling of canonicalization for mount source and target paths. By default, the mount command resolves all paths to their absolute paths without symlinks. However, this behavior may not be desired in certain situations, such as when binding a mount over a symlink, or a symlink over a directory or another symlink. The optional argument type can be either "source" or "target" (mountpoint). If no type is specified, then canonicalization is disabled for both types. This mount option does not affect the conversion of source tags (e.g. LABEL= or UUID=) and fstab processing. The command line option --no-canonicalize overrides this mount option and affects all path and tag conversions in all situations, but it does not modify flags for open_tree syscalls. Note that mount(8) still sanitizes and canonicalizes the source and target paths specified on the command line by non-root users, regardless of the X-mount.nocanonicalize setting. X-mount.noloop Do not create and mount a loop device, even if the source of the mount is a regular file. *X-mount.subdir=*directory . , , . mount(2) . ( unshare --mount) mount(8) API . , unshare --mount --propagation shared. . X-mount.owner=|, X-mount.group=| - . , -N. X-mount.mode= - . X-mount.idmap=id-type:id-mount:id-host:id-range [id-type:id-mount:id-host:id-range], X-mount.idmap=file . - . . - : o -. The ID-mapping must be specified using the syntax id-type:id-mount:id-host:id-range. Specifying u as the id-type prefix creates a UID-mapping, g creates a GID-mapping and omitting id-type or specifying b creates both a UID- and GID-mapping. The id-mount parameter indicates the starting ID in the new mount. The id-host parameter indicates the starting ID in the filesystem. The id-range parameter indicates how many IDs are to be mapped. It is possible to specify multiple ID-mappings. The individual ID mappings must be separated by spaces. Please note that in the /etc/fstab file, spaces are interpreted as separators between fields. To avoid this, you must escape them using \040. For example, X-mount.idmap=0:0:1\040500:1000:1. , - X-mount.idmap=u:1000:0:1 g:1001:1:2 5000:1000:2 - 0 1000, 1 1001, 2 1002, 1000 5000, 1001 5001 . - , -. . o . , - - . , X-mount.idmap=/proc/PID/ns/user - . nosymfollow . , readlink(1), readlink(2), realpath(1), realpath(3) . . , . . +-------------------------+--------------------------+ |() | | | | | +-------------------------+--------------------------+ |btrfs | btrfs(5) | +-------------------------+--------------------------+ |cifs | mount.cifs(8) | +-------------------------+--------------------------+ |ext2, ext3, ext4 | ext4(5) | +-------------------------+--------------------------+ |fuse | fuse(8) | +-------------------------+--------------------------+ |nfs | nfs(5) | +-------------------------+--------------------------+ |tmpfs | tmpfs(5) | +-------------------------+--------------------------+ |xfs | xfs(5) | +-------------------------+--------------------------+ . . . -o. . Documentation/filesystems. ,,adfs" uid= gid= (: uid=gid=0). ownmask= othmask= ,,ADFS" ,," ,," ( : 0700 0077). /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.rst. ,,affs" uid= gid= ( : uid=gid=0, uid gid , ). setuid= setgid= . mode= 0777 . . . protect . usemp , . ( ?)... verbose . prefix= , . volume= ( 30) / . reserved= (: 2.) . root= . bs= . 512, 1024, 2048, 4096. grpquota|noquota|quota|usrquota , . (, _/etc/fstab.) ,,debugfs" ,,debugfs" , /sys/kernel/debug. 3.4, ,,debugfs" : uid=n, gid=n . mode= . ,,devpts" ,,devpts" , /dev/pts. , /dev/ptmx; /dev/pts/<>. uid= gid= . , . , - 5, gid=5 . mode= . 0600. mode=620 gid=5 ,,mesg y" . newinstance ,,devpts" , ,,devpts"-. ,,devpts"- newinstance (., ). ,,devpts"- newinstance . . 2.6.29. , CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES . , /dev/ptmx pts/ptmx. Documentation/filesystems/devpts.txt . ptmxmode= ptmx ,,devpts" . ,,devpts" ( newinstance), ptmx ,,devpts" ( /dev/pts/ptmx). , ptmx 0000. ptmxmode= ptmx newinstance. 2.6.29. , CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES . ,,fat" (: fat , msdos, umsdos vfat .) blocksize={512|1024|2048} ( 512). . uid= gid= . ( : .) umask= ,,umask" ( ,," ). ,,umask" . . dmask= ,,umask" . ,,umask" . . fmask= ,,umask" . ,,umask" . . allow_utime= ,,mtime/atime"-. 20 - , . 2 . ,,dmask". ( , utime(2) . . ~dmask & 022) utime(2) , CAP_FOWNER . FAT / , . . check= : r[elaxed] , (. vrlodugnaziv.foobar vrlodug.foo), ( ). n[ormal] ,,relaxed", (*, ?, <, spaces, etc.) . . s[trict] ,,normal", MS-DOS- (+, =, .) . codepage= FAT VFAT . , 437 . conv= . cvf_format= CVF (Compressed Volume File - ) ,,cvfmodule" . kmod, cvf_format=xxx CVF . . cvf_option= ,,CVF" . . debug . ( ). discard , ,,/" . SSD / LUN-. dos1xfloppy , BIOS , . DOS- 1.x 160 kiB, 180 kiB, 320 kiB, 360 kiB . errors={panic|continue|remount-ro} FAT : , , ( ). fat={12|16|32} 12, 16 32- . FAT . ! iocharset= 8- 16- . iso8859-1. . nfs={stale_rw|nostale_ro} FAT NFS-. stale_rw: () - ,,nfs" . (/) NFS-, NFS , ESTALE . nostale_ro: - FAT . ESTALE -. , , , . , . , -o nfs , stale_rw. tz=UTC ( FAT-) ( ). ( ) . time_offset= FAT . , . settimeofday(2) . DST- - DST . quiet quiet. (chown) (chmod) , . ! rodir FAT ATTR_RO ( ) . , ATTR_RO , (. ). ATTR_RO , . showexec , .EXE, .COM, .BAT. . sys_immutable , ATTR_SYS FAT IMMUTABLE . . flush , . . usefree ,, " . . , . ,, " , . dots, nodots, dotsOK=[yes|no] FAT . ,,hfs" creator=cccc, type=cccc / MacOS . : '????'. uid=n, gid=n . ( : .) dir_umask=n, file_umask=n, umask=n ,,umask" , . ,,umask" . session=n . . - . part=n n . CDROM-. . quiet . ,,hpfs" uid= gid= . ( : .) umask= ,,umask" ( ,," ). ,,umask" . . case={lower|asis} . ( : case=lower.) conv= . nocheck . ,,iso9660" ISO 9660 CD-ROM-. ( DVD-. udf .) iso9660 8.3 (. - ), . , , , / , . ,,Rock Ridge" ,,iso9660" - . , Rock Ridge , ( , ). norock ,,Rock Ridge" , . Cf. map. nojoliet ,,Microsoft Joliet" , . Cf. map. check={r[elaxed]|s[trict]} check=relaxed, . norock map=normal. ( : check=strict.) uid= gid= , ,,Rock Ridge" . ( : uid=0,gid=0.) map={n[ormal]|o[ff]|a[corn]} -,,Rock Ridge" , , ,,;1", ,,;" ,,.". map=off . norock. ( : map=normal.) map=acorn map=normal ,,Acorn" . mode= -,,Rock Ridge" , . ( : .) 0. unhide . ( , .) block={512|1024|2048} . (: block=1024.) conv= . cruft , . 16 MB. session=x CD-. sbsector=xxx xxx. ,,vfat" ,,Joliet" . iocharset= 16- CD- 8- . iso8859-1. utf8 16- CD- UTF-8. ,,jfs" iocharset= . . iocharset=utf8 UTF8 . CONFIG_NLS_UTF8 .config . resize= . JFS , . , -. resize . nointegrity . . . integrity . . nointegrity . errors={continue|remount-ro|panic} . ( , , .) noquota|quota|usrquota|grpquota . ,,msdos" ,,fat". msdos , . . ,,ncpfs" nfs, ncpfs (struct ncp_mount_data) mount(2) . ncpmount-(8) mount- (2.12) ,,ncpfs"-. ,,ntfs" iocharset= . VFAT-, NTFS . . nls= iocharset. utf8 UTF-8 . uni_xlate={0|1|2} 0 ( ,,no" ,,false"), . 1 ( ,,yes" ,,true") 2, 4- ,,vfat"- ,,:". 2 1 . posix=[0|1] (posix=1), . 8.3 . . uid=, gid= umask= . ,,umask" . , . 3.18 . - . , , , . . . , ,,trusted.*" _ , NFS . . lowerdir upperdir : mount -t overlay overlay \ -olowerdir=/lower,upperdir=/upper,workdir=/work /merged lowerdir= , . upperdir= ,,upperdir" . workdir= ,,workdir" ,,upperdir". userxattr ,,user.overlay." ,,xattr" ,,trusted.overlay.". . redirect_dir={on|off|follow|nofollow} redirect_dir , ( ). ,,{trusted|user}.overlay.redirect" . . on . off ,,__" /. follow , . nofollow ( ,,redirect_dir=off" ,,__" ). index={on|off} -. , ,," . -. uuid={on|off} - ,,null"- -. . // , . nfs_export={on|off} NFS ,,nfs_export" , NFS. ,,nfs_export", ,,copy_up" , . . , -. , ,,{trusted|user}.overlay.upper" - . , o - , - o , ,,copy_up" o , - o (. /) o o - ,,{trusted|user}.overlay.origin". , o - . o . o , . o , ESTALE. . o -, ,,dentry" ,,dentry"-, - , . o , ,,dentry", , ,,dentry" . ,,dentry". ,,copy_up" ,,"- . , ,," . ,," , ,," . , ,," . , . . NFS (. ,,redirect_dir=nofollow"). -, ,,subtree_check exportfs" NFS-. NFS , . . : index=off,nfs_export=on - . xino={on|off|auto} ,,xino" ,,st_ino"- ,,fsid" . ,,xino" - ,,fsid", -. - ,,xino" , -,,xino" -. ,,https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/overlayfs.html" metacopy={on|off} , ,,overlayfs" ( ), ,,chown/chmod". . , . volatile . . ,,volatile" . , e (syncfs fsync) VFS-. , . , , , . ,,volatile", ,,$workdir/work/incompat/volatile". , . . , ,,volatile" . ,,reiserfs" ,,Reiserfs" . conv 3.6 ,,reiserfs" 3.5 , 3.6 . ,,reiserfs" 3.5 . hash={rupasov|tea|r5|detect} ,,reiserfs" . rupasov Yury Yu. Rupasov. , . , . tea Davis-Meyer- Jeremy Fitzhardinge. . , , . EHASHCOLLISION ,,r5" . r5 ,,rupasov" . . detect mount , ,,reiserfs" . . hashed_relocation . . no_unhashed_relocation . . noborder Yury Yu. Rupasov. . nolog . ,,reiserfs"- . , ,,reiserfs" , . nolog . notail , ,,reiserfs" ,, " . lilo(8). . replayonly , . reiserfsck. resize= ,,reiserfs" . ,,reiserfs"- . (LVM). resizer- . user_xattr . attr(1) . acl POSIX . acl(5) . barrier=none / barrier=flush / . barrier=none , barrier=flush (). , ,,reiserfs" , . , , . , . ,,ubifs" UBIFS UBI . atime . ubiX_Y UBI X, Y ubiY UBI 0, Y ubiX: UBI X, ubi: UBI 0, ! :. : bulk_read . VFS . . , . , OneNAND ,,--" NAND . no_bulk_read . . chk_data_crc CRC-32 . . no_chk_data_crc CRC-32 . , CRC-32 , . , . CRC-32 . compr={none|lzo|zlib} . none. ,,udf" ,, " (Universal Disk Format) (OSTA - Optical Storage Technology Association), -, /-9660 . , , . iso9660. uid= . ,,uid=forget" ( ) uid=<> - . , 32- -1 . <> , ,,forget". gid= . ,,gid=forget" ( ) gid=<> - . , 32- -1 . <> , ,,forget". umask= - . . mode= mode= - - . . dmode= dmode= - -. . bs= . 2.6.30 2048. 2.6.30 4.11 2048. 4.11 4096. mkudffs(8) 2.0+ , . unhide . undelete . adinicb -. () noadinicb -. shortad UDF . longad UDF . () nostrict . iocharset= NLS . CONFIG_UDF_NLS. utf8 UTF-8 . novrs . session= -. (= ) anchor= . (= 256) lastblock= . uid=ignore , ,,uid=<>". gid=ignore , ,,uid=<>". volume= . partition= . fileset= . rootdir= . ,,ufs" ufstype= UFS . . , -. - . : old ,,ufs"-, , . ( -r.) 44bsd BSD- system (NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD). ufs2 FreeBSD 5.x -. 5xbsd ,,ufs2". sun SunOS Solaris Sparc-. sunx86 Solaris 86. hp HP-UX, . nextstep NeXTStep ( NeXT ) ( ). nextstep-cd NextStep CDROM- (_ == 2048), . openstep OpenStep- ( ). macOS. onerror= : panic , . [lock|umount|repair] ; . ,,umsdos" ,,msdos". dotsOK umsdos-. ,,vfat" , fat . dotsOK vfat-. , uni_xlate . . , ,,?" . ,,:" ,,vfat" . , ,,u" , : ':', (u & 0x3f), ((u>>6) & 0x3f), (u>>12). posix . . nonumtail , name~num.ext. utf8 UTF8 8- . ,,utf8=0", ,,utf8=no" ,,utf8=false". uni_xlate , UTF8 . shortname= 8.3 . , . 4 : lower ; . win95 ; . winnt ; . mixed ; . 2.6.32. ,,usbfs" devuid= devgid= devmode= ,,usbfs" (: uid=gid=0, mode=0644). . busuid= busgid= busmode= ,,usbfs" (: uid=gid=0, mode=0555). . listuid= listgid= listmode= (: uid=gid=0, mode=0444). . ,,DM-VERITY" ,,device-mapper verity"- . mount ,,dm-verity" . ,,libcryptsetup" ,,libmount"- ( dlopen-(3)). ,,libcryptsetup" , . ,,dm-verity" : verity.hashdevice= ,,dm-verity". verity.roothash= verity.hashdevice. verity.roothashfile. verity.roothashfile= verity.hashdevice. verity.roothash. verity.hashoffset= , (: 0) ,,dm-verity" - . verity.fecdevice= (Forward Error Correction - FEC) ,,dm-verity"-. . CONFIG_DM_VERITY_FEC. verity.fecoffset= FEC , (: 0) ,,dm-verity" - FEC . . verity.fecroots= FEC (: 2). . verity.roothashsig= pkcs7(1ssl) . ,,crypt_activate_by_signed_key()" ,,cryptsetup"- CONFIG_DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ROOTHASH_SIG. , . . verity.oncorruption=ignore|restart|panic , . / . 4.1 , ,,libcrypsetup" 2.3.4 . . ,,util-linux"- 2.35. : mksquashfs /etc /tmp/etc.raw veritysetup format /tmp/etc.raw /tmp/etc.verity --root-hash-file=/tmp/etc.roothash openssl smime -sign -in /tmp/etc.roothash -nocerts -inkey private.key \ -signer private.crt -noattr -binary -outform der -out /tmp/etc.roothash.p7s mount -o verity.hashdevice=/tmp/etc.verity,verity.roothashfile=/tmp/etc.roothash,\ verity.roothashsig=/tmp/etc.roothash.p7s /tmp/etc.raw /mnt ,,squashfs" /etc , /mnt. ,,roothashsig". . , mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt -t vfat -o loop=/dev/loop3 /dev/loop3 /tmp/disk.img, /mnt. ( ,,-o loop"), mount , mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt -o loop mount ,," ,,libblkid"-, : mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt mount -t ext4 /tmp/disk.img /mnt , loop, offset sizelimit, losetup(8). ( .) 2.6.25 , mount- umount- /etc/mtab. , losetup -d umount -d. ,,util-linux"- 2.29, mount . . mount ( ORed): 0 1 2 ( , , ) 4 mount 8 16 /etc/mtab- 32 64 mount -a 0 ( ), 32 ( ), 64 ( , ). 126 failed to execute external /sbin/mount. mount helper (since util-linux v2.41) : sbin/mount. [-sfnv] [-N -] [-o ] [-t .] -sfnvoN . -t ( /sbin/mount.fuse -t fuse.sshfs). mount unbindable, runbindable, private, rprivate, slave, rslave, shared, rshared, auto, noauto, comment, x-*, loop, offset sizelimit ,,mount.<>" . -o. The exit status value of the helper is returned as the exit status of mount(8). The value 126 is sed if the mount helper program is found, but the execl() failed. LIBMOUNT_FORCE_MOUNT2={always|never|auto} mount(2) ( API ). auto; , ,,libmount" mount(2) . API , ,,libmount" mount(2), ,,LIBMOUNT_FORCE_MOUNT2" never. LIBMOUNT_FSTAB=<> fstab ( ) LIBMOUNT_DEBUG=all ,,libmount" LIBBLKID_DEBUG=all ,,libblkid" LOOPDEV_DEBUG=all ,, /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab /proc/mounts". /etc/fstab /run/mount ,,libmount" /etc/mtab /proc/mounts /etc/mtab~ ( mtab ) /etc/mtab.tmp ( mtab ) /etc/filesystems mount 5 AT&T UNIX-. . -o sync -o dirsync (ext2, ext3, ext4, fat vfat (a la BSD) sync). -o remount ( ext2fs- , sb, ,,remount", , gid umask fatfs). /etc/mtab /proc/mounts mtab . mount, (. NFS - mount NFS /proc/mount ). mtab /proc/mounts. NFS (. fcntl ioctl) noac. loop offset sizelimit mount . losetup(8) mount- . Karel Zak mount(2), umount(2), filesystems(5), fstab(5), nfs(5), xfs(5), mount_namespaces(7), xattr(7), e2label(8), findmnt(8), losetup(8), lsblk(8), mke2fs(8), mountd(8), nfsd(8), swapon(8), tune2fs(8), umount(8), xfs_admin(8) For bug reports, use the issue tracker . mount ,,util-linux" . util-linux 2.41 2025-03-24 MOUNT(8)