MOUNT(8) mount - mount [-h|-V] mount [-l] [-t -] mount -a [-F] [-fnrsvw] [-t fstype] [-O optlist] mount [-fnrsvw] [-o ] |- mount [-fnrsvw] [-o options] [-t fstype] device mountpoint mount --bind|--rbind|--move - - mount --make-[r]{shared|slave|private|unbindable} mountpoint , , /. . mount . , umount(8) . . mount : mount -t ( ) . -t . mount . . ,, " . ( ) - , , . , : mount /dir mount ( ) /etc/fstab . --target --source . : mount --target /- , (. ) . mount . . --all, ( --all ). . findmnt(8), . ,,?". ( ): mount [-l] [-t ] -l . . ( ), /dev/sda1, . , NFS , knuth.cwi.nl:/dir. ; . . (): LABEL= . -L. UUID= . - . -U. mount - . - fstab-(5) . - . PARTLABEL= . mkfs mkswap . (). PARTUUID= . mkfs mkswap . (). ID= ,,udev". WWN- ( ) . ls /dev/disk/by-id , ,,udevd"-. ,,udev"-, ,,udev" . lsblk --fs , - - . blkid -p <> . - , , . lsblk -o +, - . (. UUID=) /dev/disk/by-{label,uuid,id,partuuid,partlabel} ,,udev"- /etc/fstab . , . mount(8) ,,udev"-, /etc/fstab . libblkid(3). proc , - , proc - . ( none : ,,none " mount- .) ,,/etc/fstab", ,,/etc/mtab" ,,/proc/mounts" /etc/fstab ( fstab(5)), , . fstab(5) --fstab path ( ). mount -a [-t ] [-O -] ( ) fstab- ( / ) , noauto. -F mount , . fstab- mtab-, , . mount umount(8) /etc/mtab. /etc/mtab , /etc/mtab- /proc/mounts. mtab , . mtab , . mount, . /etc/fstab, -o: mount | -o /etc/fstab-. --options-mode. . mount /etc/fstab ( , , , ) . , foo /dir: mount /dev/foo /dir --options-source-force fstab-. mount fstab . - , . , fstab user , . , /dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide ,,iso9660" CDROM- : mount /cd mount fstab . , mount . NFS CIFS . ,,util-linux"- 2.35, mount ,,libmount"-. , ,,suid" . (. , , .). , fstab(5). . , users user fstab . owner user, . . /dev/fd . group , . user . user=, (/sbin/mount.<>) . . : mount --bind - - fstab-: /- /- none bind . ,,bind" VFS . ,,bind" . ,,bind". . ( ). , : mount --bind foo foo () , . : mount --rbind - - . (. _netdev) mount mount-. ,,util-linux"- 2.27 mount --bind. : mount -o bind,ro foo foo ; mount(2) . . () , : mount --bind - - mount -o remount,bind,ro - - (VFS , , - , - . ,,nosuid", ,,nodev", ,,noexec", ,,noatime", ,,nodiratime", ,,relatime" ,,nosymfollow" VFS ,,remount,bind". ( ) . mount(2) ( -o rbind,ro). mount_setattr(2) ,,libmount"- ,,util-linux"- 2.39 ,," (. -o rbind,ro=recursive) . . ,,util-linux"- 2.31, mount bind /etc/fstab remount ( -o remount ). . . mount- ,,remount,bind" /etc/fstab. ,,util-linux"- 2.39, mount API . . ,, -o bind,rw - . ,,mount(2)" , VFS . mounted tree (). : mount --move - - - -. . - . . findmnt -o , . 2.6.15 , , . . , . . . Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt ; mount_namespaces(7). : mount --make-shared - mount --make-slave - mount --make-private - mount --make-unbindable - . mount --make-rshared - mount --make-rslave - mount --make-rprivate - mount --make-runbindable - mount fstab(5) --make-* . . mount(2) , . ,,util-linux"- 2.23 mount () mount(8) . mount(2) . . fstab-(5) (private, slave, shared, unbindable, rprivate, rslave, rshared, runbindable). : mount --make-private --make-unbindable /dev/sda1 /foo : mount /dev/sda1 /foo mount --make-private /foo mount --make-unbindable /foo mount- fstab , -o, -r -w, . mount /sbin/mount. . mount- . mount : -a, --all Mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab (except for those whose line contains the noauto keyword). This option was originally designed for use in init scripts. Note that many modern systemd-based distributions do not use mount -a on boot and instead mount filesystems in a more sophisticated way using systemd units. The filesystems are mounted following their order in fstab. The mount command compares filesystem source, target (and fs root for bind mount or btrfs) to detect already mounted filesystems. The kernel table with already mounted filesystems is cached during mount --all. This means that all duplicated fstab entries will be mounted. /proc ( ) /sys ( ,,=" ,,="). /proc /sys mount -a , ,,/proc" ,,/sys" fstab. --all . (-t -O) . 2.35 je -o fstab- ( --options-mode). Note that swap entries in fstab are silently ignored by mount -a. Use swapon -a to enable swap devices and files. See swapon(8). mount -a fstab-. findmnt --verify. --beneath Mount the filesystem beneath the top mount of the specified target (mountpoint), allowing the top mount to be unmounted. This option replaces the filesystem at the mountpoint in an atomic manner, ensuring there is no moment when the filesystem is absent. For example update from a Btrfs filesystem to an XFS filesystem without ever revealing the underlying mountpoint: mount -t btrfs /dev/sdA /mnt mount --beneath -t xfs /dev/sdB /mnt umount /mnt -B, --bind ( ). , . -c, --no-canonicalize . mount ( fstab-a). -f . mount -i. . ,,X-mount.nocanonicalize" . mount /sbin/mount.. --exclusive Ensures that the filesystem is mounted as a unique instance and that the filesystem superblock is not reused by the kernel. The filesystem may be reused later if mounted without the option. The option affects only the current mount and is allowed for non-root users as well. See also the --onlyonce option. The difference between --onlyonce and --exclusive is that "onlyonce" ensures the same source is not mounted on the same mount point; this means mounting twice on /A is not allowed, but mounting on /A and /B is allowed. The "exclusive" mount ensures the filesystem itself is not reused, regardless of the mount point. -F, --fork ( -a.) mount- . NFS . ; NFS . . , /usr /usr/spool. -f, --fake . --fake /etc/mtab . /etc/mtab , 2.39, . --fake ,,libmount" , . . --fake mount(8) . -i, --internal-only /sbin/mount.- . -L, --label . -l, --show-labels ,,mount"-. mount (. ,,--") . ,,ext2", ,,ext3" ,,ext4" e2label(8) , XFS xfs_admin(8), ,,reiserfs" reiserfstune(8). -M, --move . , . -m, --mkdir[=] ( ) . ,,-o X-mount.mkdir[=]", 0755. X-mount.mkdir. --map-groups, --map-users :__:__ / X-mount.idmap map. . X-mount.idmap . --map-users /proc//ns/ - . ,,-o X-mount.idmap=/proc/PID/ns/user" :__:__ . X-mount.idmap . -n, --no-mtab /etc/mtab. /etc . -N, --namespace - Perform the mount operation in the mount namespace specified by ns. ns is either the PID of the process running in that namespace or a special file representing that namespace. mount /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab: ( _/run/mount) mount(2), . mount(2) . mount_namespaces(7) . -O, --test-opts -a . -t -O -a. , mount -a -O no_netdev netdev /etc/fstab . -t ; no . -t -O ; , mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdev ,,ext2" netdev, ,,ext2" netdev . -o, --options . . : mount LABEL=- -o noatime,nodev,nosuid Note that the order of the options matters, as the last option wins if there are conflicting ones. Also, options on the command line override options from fstab. , . --onlyonce Forces mount command to check if the filesystem is already mounted on specified mountpoint. This behavior is the default for --all; otherwise, it depends on the kernel filesystem driver. Some filesystems may be mounted more than once on the same mount point (e.g. tmpfs). See also --exclusive. --options-mode fstab/mtab . ignore, append, prepend replace. , append fstab- . prepend - fstab . . --options-source . fstab, mtab disable. disable fstab mtab --options-source-force. fstab,mtab. --options-source-force fstab/mtab . -R, --rbind ( ). , . -r, --ro, --read-only . -o ro. , , , . , ,,ext3" ,,ext4" . , ,,ext3" ,,ext4" ro,noload , blockdev(8). -s . . . mount.nfs. --source mount, ( ) (). . --target , ( ) (). . --target-prefix . fstab, , : mount --all --target-prefix /chroot -o X-mount.mkdir fstab /chroot, ( ,,X-mount.mkdir"). --fstab fstab. -T, --fstab fstab . , strverscmp(3); (.) .fstab . . ,,initramfs" ,,chroot" . mount --fstab /sbin/mount., fstab . , ( ) fstab . -t, --types - -t . . /proc/filesystems /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs . ext2, ext3, ext4, xfs, btrfs, vfat, sysfs, proc, nfs cifs. mount umount(8) . ,,.subtype". ,,fuse.sshfs". ( ,,sshfs#example.com" ). -t, auto, mount . mount libblkid(3) ; , mount /etc/filesystems, , , /proc/filesystems. , ,,nodev" (. devpts, proc nfs). /etc/filesystems *, ,,mount" /proc/filesystems. , silent. auto . /etc/filesystems (., ,,vfat"- ,,msdos"- ,,ext3" ,,ext2") . , -t /etc/fstab . -t no . no /etc/fstab . no -a. , mount -a -t nomsdos,smbfs msdos smbfs. mount mount(2) , . , ( nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) - . nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs . , mount /sbin/mount. ( ) . smbmount , /sbin/mount.smbfs . -U, --uuid . -v, --verbose . 2.41, API , . -w, --rw, --read-write /. - mount- mount(2) - . -o rw. -w mount . -h, --help . -V, --version . /etc/fstab. . , /proc/mounts. ( tune2fs -l ,,extN" ). (Virtual File System, VFS) . . . nosuid, noexec, nodiratime, relatime, noatime, strictatime nosymfollow . -, : findmnt -o ,VFS-,FS- 2.39, ,,libmount" -. , , (. ,,rbind"). ,,recursive" () , : mount -orbind,ro=recursive,noexec=recursive,nosuid /foo /bar ,,/foo" ,,/bar", ,,/bar" , ,,/bar" "nosuid". ,,recursive" . (ro rw) , mount(8) . , . "-o bind,remount,ro" , "-o remount,ro" . , . 2.41, libmount vfs fs (. ro=fs) _. , : mount -o ro=vfs /dev/sdc1 /A - , /A . , ,,-o bind,remount,ro" . , . , sync ext2, ext3, ext4, fat, vfat, ufs xfs . async / . ( sync.) atime noatime, - . relatime strictatime. noatime - (. ). - ( ), nodiratime. auto -a. noauto (. -a ). context=, fscontext=, defcontext= rootcontext= context= , VFAT-, , ,,ext3" ,,ext4" e . context= , . ,,xattr" 2.4.. ,,xattrs"-, . context="system_u:object_r:removable_t. fscontext= , ,,xattr" . ,,fscontext" . . , . ,,xattr"- . ,,fscontext" , . defcontext=. ,,xattr" . rootcontext= - - . . @target . , ,," . : * * , , mount . . : mount -t tmpfs none /mnt -o \ 'context="system_u:object_r:tmp_t:s0:c127,c456",noexec' , selinux(8). defaults : rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async. . . dev . nodev . diratime - . . ( noatime.) nodiratime - . ( noatime.) dirsync . : creat(2), link(2), unlink(2), symlink(2), mkdir(2), rmdir(2), mknod(2) rename(2). exec . noexec . group . nosuid nodev ( , group,dev,suid). iversion - , i_ . noiversion - i_. mand . fcntl(2). 5.15. nomand . _netdev ( ). nofail . relatime - . . ( noatime, mutt(1) .) 2.6.30, ( noatime), strictatime . , 2.6.30, 1 . norelatime relatime. strictatime. strictatime ,,atime"-. relatime noatime, . /proc/mounts. nostrictatime -. lazytime (atime, mtime, ctime) - . - . : o - o fsync(2), syncfs(2), sync(2) o - o 24 - . nolazytime ,,lazytime". suid -- -- . nosuid ,,--" ,,--" . , nosuid_transition, nnp_nosuid_transition. silent . loud . owner . nosuid nodev ( , owner,dev,suid). remount . , . . bind . , . VFS (nodev,nosuid,noexec,ro) . mount(8) fstab /proc/self/mountinfo. --options-mode. ( 2.39 mount_setattr(2) ), , mount -o remount,ro=recursive, ,,reset-unspecified" /, . mount fstab-. mount fstab ( mtab) . mount -o remount,rw /dev/foo /dir fstab- ( mtab-) , loop= mount. mount -o remount,rw /dir , mount fstab (-o). fstab-, /proc/self/mountinfo. mount --all (-O -t). : mount --all -o remount,ro -t vfat ,,vfat" . mount -o remount,ro /dir. mount fstab mtab . ro[=(recursive|vfs|fs)] . API- mount(2). recursive VFS . vfs fs . fs ( ), vfs . , . , Read-only Setting Notes ( ). rw[=(recursive|vfs|fs)] -. sync / . (. ), sync . user . mtab ( ,,libmount" /run/mount mtab) . noexec, nosuid, nodev ( , user,exec,dev,suid). nouser . ; . users , . noexec, nosuid nodev ( , users,exec,dev,suid). X-* ,,X-" . (., mtab ), ,,mount." mount(2) . X-.. x-* X-*, . umount(8) . , ,,libmount"- ( ). ,,util-linux"- 2.30 ,,x-" ,,libmount"- ( ,,X-" ), ( ,,initrd"-, ,,systemd"- .) fstab . X-mount.auto-fstypes= . . ,,auto" . ,,mount" ( -t ). ,,no". , ,,X-mount.auto-fstypes="ext4,btrfs"" ,,ext4" ,,btrfs", ,,X-mount.auto-fstypes="novfat,xfs"" ,,vfat" ,,xfs". , ,,auto-fstypes" , . : mount -t auto -o'X-mount.auto-fstypes="noext2,ext3"' /dev/sdc1 /mnt/test X-mount.mkdir[=] ( ) . mkdir(2) . 0755. mount ,,suid" . x-mount.mkdir, 2.30. --mkdir. X-mount.nocanonicalize[=] Allows disabling of canonicalization for mount source and target paths. By default, the mount command resolves all paths to their absolute paths without symlinks. However, this behavior may not be desired in certain situations, such as when binding a mount over a symlink, or a symlink over a directory or another symlink. The optional argument type can be either "source" or "target" (mountpoint). If no type is specified, then canonicalization is disabled for both types. This mount option does not affect the conversion of source tags (e.g. LABEL= or UUID=) and fstab processing. The command-line option --no-canonicalize overrides this mount option and affects all path and tag conversions in all situations, but for backward compatibility, it does not modify open_tree(2) syscall flags and does not allow the bind-mount over a symlink use case. mount(8) , ,,X-mount.nocanonicalize". X-mount.noloop , . X-mount.subdir= . . remount, bind mount move. , , . mount(2) . ( unshare --mount) mount(8) API . , unshare --mount --propagation shared. . X-mount.owner=|, X-mount.group=| - . , -N. X-mount.mode= - . X-mount.idmap=id-type:id-mount:id-host:id-range [id-type:id-mount:id-host:id-range], X-mount.idmap=file . - . . - : o -. - -:-:-:-. u - -, g - - b - -. - . - . - - . -. . /etc/fstab, . , \040. , ,,X-mount.idmap=0:0:1\040500:1000:1". , - X-mount.idmap=u:1000:0:1 g:1001:1:2 5000:1000:2 - 0 1000, 1 1001, 2 1002, 1000 5000, 1001 5001 . - , -. . o . , - - . , X-mount.idmap=/proc/PID/ns/user - . nosymfollow . , readlink(1), readlink(2), realpath(1), realpath(3) . . , . . +-----------------+---------------+ |Filesystem(s) | Manual page | +-----------------+---------------+ |btrfs | btrfs(5) | +-----------------+---------------+ |cephfs | mount.ceph(8) | +-----------------+---------------+ |cifs | mount.cifs(8) | +-----------------+---------------+ |ext2, ext3, ext4 | ext4(5) | +-----------------+---------------+ |fuse | fuse(8) | +-----------------+---------------+ |nfs | nfs(5) | +-----------------+---------------+ |tmpfs | tmpfs(5) | +-----------------+---------------+ |xfs | xfs(5) | +-----------------+---------------+ . . . -o. . Documentation/filesystems. ,,adfs" uid= gid= (: uid=gid=0). ownmask= othmask= ,,ADFS" ,," ,," ( : 0700 0077). /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.rst. ,,affs" uid= gid= ( : uid=gid=0, uid gid , ). setuid= setgid= . mode= 0777 . . . protect . usemp , . ( ?)... verbose . prefix= , . volume= ( 30) / . reserved= (: 2.) . root= . bs= . 512, 1024, 2048, 4096. grpquota|noquota|quota|usrquota , . (, _/etc/fstab.) ,,debugfs" ,,debugfs" , /sys/kernel/debug. 3.4, ,,debugfs" : uid=n, gid=n . mode= . ,,devpts" ,,devpts" , /dev/pts. , /dev/ptmx; /dev/pts/<>. uid= gid= . , . , - 5, gid=5 . mode= . 0600. mode=620 gid=5 ,,mesg y" . newinstance ,,devpts" , ,,devpts"-. ,,devpts"- newinstance (., ). ,,devpts"- newinstance . . 2.6.29. , CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES . , /dev/ptmx pts/ptmx. Documentation/filesystems/devpts.txt . ptmxmode= ptmx ,,devpts" . ,,devpts" ( newinstance), ptmx ,,devpts" ( /dev/pts/ptmx). , ptmx 0000. ptmxmode= ptmx newinstance. 2.6.29. , CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES . ,,fat" (: fat , msdos, umsdos vfat .) blocksize={512|1024|2048} ( 512). . uid= gid= . ( : .) umask= ,,umask" ( ,," ). ,,umask" . . dmask= ,,umask" . ,,umask" . . fmask= ,,umask" . ,,umask" . . allow_utime= This option controls the permission check of mtime/atime. Possible values: 20 If the current process is in the group of the file's group ID, you can change the timestamp. 2 Other users can change the timestamp. The default is set from the above dmask option. (If the directory is writable, utime(2) is also allowed. That is: ~dmask & 022.) Normally utime(2) checks that the current process is the owner of the file, or that it has the CAP_FOWNER capability. But FAT filesystems don't have UID/GID on disk, so the normal check is too inflexible. With this option you can relax it. check= : r[elaxed] , (. vrlodugnaziv.foobar vrlodug.foo), ( ). n[ormal] ,,relaxed", (*, ?, <, spaces, etc.) . . s[trict] ,,normal", MS-DOS- (+, =, .) . codepage= FAT VFAT . , 437 . conv= . cvf_format= CVF (Compressed Volume File - ) ,,cvfmodule" . kmod, cvf_format=xxx CVF . . cvf_option= ,,CVF" . . debug . ( ). discard , ,,/" . SSD / LUN-. dos1xfloppy , BIOS , . DOS- 1.x 160 kiB, 180 kiB, 320 kiB, 360 kiB . errors={panic|continue|remount-ro} FAT : , , ( ). fat={12|16|32} 12, 16 32- . FAT . ! iocharset= 8- 16- . iso8859-1. . nfs={stale_rw|nostale_ro} FAT NFS-. stale_rw: () - ,,nfs" . (/) NFS-, NFS , ESTALE . nostale_ro: - FAT . ESTALE -. , , , . , . , -o nfs , stale_rw. tz=UTC ( FAT-) ( ). ( ) . time_offset= FAT . , . settimeofday(2) . DST- - DST . quiet quiet. (chown) (chmod) , . ! rodir FAT ATTR_RO ( ) . , ATTR_RO , (. ). ATTR_RO , . showexec , .EXE, .COM, .BAT. . sys_immutable , ATTR_SYS FAT IMMUTABLE . . flush , . . usefree ,, " . . , . ,, " , . dots, nodots, dotsOK=[yes|no] FAT . ,,hfs" creator=cccc, type=cccc / MacOS . : '????'. uid=n, gid=n . ( : .) dir_umask=n, file_umask=n, umask=n ,,umask" , . ,,umask" . session=n . . - . part=n n . CDROM-. . quiet . ,,hpfs" uid= gid= . ( : .) umask= ,,umask" ( ,," ). ,,umask" . . case={lower|asis} . ( : case=lower.) conv= . nocheck . ,,iso9660" ISO 9660 CD-ROM-. ( DVD-. udf .) iso9660 8.3 (. - ), . , , , / , . ,,Rock Ridge" ,,iso9660" - . , Rock Ridge , ( , ). norock ,,Rock Ridge" , . Cf. map. nojoliet ,,Microsoft Joliet" , . Cf. map. check={r[elaxed]|s[trict]} check=relaxed, . norock map=normal. ( : check=strict.) uid= gid= , ,,Rock Ridge" . ( : uid=0,gid=0.) map={n[ormal]|o[ff]|a[corn]} -,,Rock Ridge" , , ,,;1", ,,;" ,,.". map=off . norock. ( : map=normal.) map=acorn map=normal ,,Acorn" . mode= -,,Rock Ridge" , . ( : .) 0. unhide . ( , .) block={512|1024|2048} . (: block=1024.) conv= . cruft , . 16 MB. session=x Select number of session on a multisession CD, starting with 0. sbsector=xxx xxx. ,,vfat" ,,Joliet" . iocharset= 16- CD- 8- . iso8859-1. utf8 16- CD- UTF-8. ,,jfs" iocharset= . . iocharset=utf8 UTF8 . CONFIG_NLS_UTF8 .config . resize= . JFS , . , -. resize . nointegrity . . . integrity . . nointegrity . errors={continue|remount-ro|panic} . ( , , .) noquota|quota|usrquota|grpquota . ,,msdos" ,,fat". msdos , . . ,,ncpfs" nfs, ncpfs (struct ncp_mount_data) mount(2) . ncpmount-(8) mount- (2.12) ,,ncpfs"-. Mount options for ntfs3 The ntfs3 kernel driver provides below mount options - as documented in iocharset= This option informs the driver how to interpret path strings and translate them to Unicode and back. If this option is not set, the default codepage will be used (CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT). Example: iocharset=utf8 uid=|gid=|umask= Controls the default permissions for files/directories created after the NTFS volume is mounted. dmask=|fmask= Instead of specifying umask which applies both to files and directories, fmask applies only to files and dmask only to directories. nohidden Files with the Windows-specific HIDDEN (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN) attribute will not be shown under Linux. sys_immutable Files with the Windows-specific SYSTEM (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM) attribute will be marked as system immutable files. hide_dot_files Updates the Windows-specific HIDDEN (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN) attribute when creating and moving or renaming files. Files whose names start with a dot will have the HIDDEN attribute set and files whose names do not start with a dot will have it unset. windows_names Prevents the creation of files and directories with a name not allowed by Windows, either because it contains some not allowed character (which are the characters " * / : < > ? \ | and those whose code is less than 0x20), because the name (with or without extension) is a reserved file name (CON, AUX, NUL, PRN, LPT1-9, COM1-9) or because the last character is a space or a dot. Existing such files can still be read and renamed. discard Enable support of the TRIM command for improved performance on delete operations, which is recommended for use with the solid-state drives (SSD). force Forces the driver to mount partitions even if volume is marked dirty. Not recommended for use. sparse Create new files as sparse. showmeta Use this parameter to show all meta-files (System Files) on a mounted NTFS partition. By default, all meta-files are hidden. prealloc Preallocate space for files excessively when file size is increasing on writes. Decreases fragmentation in case of parallel write operations to different files. acl Support POSIX ACLs (Access Control Lists). Effective if supported by Kernel. Not to be confused with NTFS ACLs. The option specified as acl enables support for POSIX ACLs. 3.18 . - . , , , . . . , ,,trusted.*" _ , NFS . . lowerdir upperdir : mount -t overlay overlay \ -olowerdir=/lower,upperdir=/upper,workdir=/work /merged lowerdir= , . upperdir= ,,upperdir" . workdir= ,,workdir" ,,upperdir". userxattr ,,user.overlay." ,,xattr" ,,trusted.overlay.". . redirect_dir={on|off|follow|nofollow} redirect_dir , ( ). ,,{trusted|user}.overlay.redirect" . . on . off ,,__" /. follow , . nofollow ( ,,redirect_dir=off" ,,__" ). index={on|off} -. , ,," . -. uuid={on|off} - ,,null"- -. . // , . nfs_export={on|off} NFS ,,nfs_export" , NFS. ,,nfs_export", ,,copy_up" , . . , -. , ,,{trusted|user}.overlay.upper" - . , o - , - o , ,,copy_up" o , - o (. /) o o - ,,{trusted|user}.overlay.origin". , o - . o . o , . o , ESTALE. . o -, ,,dentry" ,,dentry"-, - , . o , ,,dentry", , ,,dentry" . ,,dentry". ,,copy_up" ,,"- . , ,," . ,," , ,," . , ,," . , . . NFS (. ,,redirect_dir=nofollow"). -, ,,subtree_check exportfs" NFS-. NFS , . . : index=off,nfs_export=on - . xino={on|off|auto} ,,xino" ,,st_ino"- ,,fsid" . ,,xino" - ,,fsid", -. - ,,xino" , -,,xino" -. ,,https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/overlayfs.html" metacopy={on|off} , ,,overlayfs" ( ), ,,chown/chmod". . , . volatile . . ,,volatile" . , e (syncfs fsync) VFS-. , . , , , . ,,volatile", ,,$workdir/work/incompat/volatile". , . . , ,,volatile" . ,,reiserfs" ,,Reiserfs" . conv 3.6 ,,reiserfs" 3.5 , 3.6 . ,,reiserfs" 3.5 . hash={rupasov|tea|r5|detect} ,,reiserfs" . rupasov Yury Yu. Rupasov. , . , . tea Davis-Meyer- Jeremy Fitzhardinge. . , , . EHASHCOLLISION ,,r5" . r5 ,,rupasov" . . detect mount , ,,reiserfs" . . hashed_relocation . . no_unhashed_relocation . . noborder Yury Yu. Rupasov. . nolog . ,,reiserfs"- . , ,,reiserfs" , . nolog . notail , ,,reiserfs" ,, " . lilo(8). . replayonly , . reiserfsck. resize= ,,reiserfs" . ,,reiserfs"- . (LVM). resizer- . user_xattr . attr(1) . acl POSIX . acl(5) . barrier=none / barrier=flush / . barrier=none , barrier=flush (). , ,,reiserfs" , . , , . , . ,,ubifs" UBIFS UBI . atime . ubiX_Y UBI X, Y ubiY UBI 0, Y ubiX: UBI X, ubi: UBI 0, ! :. : bulk_read . VFS . . , . , OneNAND ,,--" NAND . no_bulk_read . . chk_data_crc CRC-32 . . no_chk_data_crc CRC-32 . , CRC-32 , . , . CRC-32 . compr={none|lzo|zlib} . none. ,,udf" ,, " (Universal Disk Format) (OSTA - Optical Storage Technology Association), -, /-9660 . , , . iso9660. uid= . ,,uid=forget" ( ) uid=<> - . , 32- -1 . <> , ,,forget". gid= . ,,gid=forget" ( ) gid=<> - . , 32- -1 . <> , ,,forget". umask= - . . mode= mode= - - . . dmode= dmode= - -. . bs= . 2.6.30 2048. 2.6.30 4.11 2048. 4.11 4096. mkudffs(8) 2.0+ , . unhide . undelete . adinicb -. () noadinicb -. shortad UDF . longad UDF . () nostrict . iocharset= NLS . CONFIG_UDF_NLS. utf8 UTF-8 . novrs . session= -. (= ) anchor= . (= 256) lastblock= . uid=ignore , ,,uid=<>". gid=ignore , ,,uid=<>". volume= . partition= . fileset= . rootdir= . ,,ufs" ufstype= UFS . . , -. - . : old ,,ufs"-, , . ( -r.) 44bsd BSD- system (NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD). ufs2 FreeBSD 5.x -. 5xbsd ,,ufs2". sun SunOS Solaris Sparc-. sunx86 Solaris 86. hp HP-UX, . nextstep NeXTStep ( NeXT ) ( ). nextstep-cd NextStep CDROM- (_ == 2048), . openstep OpenStep- ( ). macOS. onerror= : panic , . lock|umount|repair ; . ,,umsdos" ,,msdos". dotsOK umsdos-. ,,vfat" , fat . dotsOK vfat-. , uni_xlate . . , ,,?" . ,,:" ,,vfat" . , ,,u" , : ':', (u & 0x3f), ((u>>6) & 0x3f), (u>>12). posix . . nonumtail , name~num.ext. utf8 UTF8 8- . ,,utf8=0", ,,utf8=no" ,,utf8=false". uni_xlate , UTF8 . shortname= 8.3 . , . 4 : lower ; . win95 ; . winnt ; . mixed ; . 2.6.32. ,,usbfs" devuid= devgid= devmode= ,,usbfs" (: uid=gid=0, mode=0644). . busuid= busgid= busmode= ,,usbfs" (: uid=gid=0, mode=0555). . listuid= listgid= listmode= (: uid=gid=0, mode=0444). . ,,DM-VERITY" ,,device-mapper verity"- . mount ,,dm-verity" . ,,libcryptsetup" ,,libmount"- ( dlopen-(3)). ,,libcryptsetup" , . ,,dm-verity" : verity.hashdevice= ,,dm-verity". verity.roothash= verity.hashdevice. verity.roothashfile. verity.roothashfile= verity.hashdevice. verity.roothash. verity.hashoffset= , (: 0) ,,dm-verity" - . verity.fecdevice= (Forward Error Correction - FEC) ,,dm-verity"-. . CONFIG_DM_VERITY_FEC. verity.fecoffset= FEC , (: 0) ,,dm-verity" - FEC . . verity.fecroots= FEC (: 2). . verity.roothashsig= pkcs7(1ssl) . ,,crypt_activate_by_signed_key()" ,,cryptsetup"- CONFIG_DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ROOTHASH_SIG. , . . verity.oncorruption={ignore|restart|panic} , . / . 4.1 , ,,libcrypsetup" 2.3.4 . . ,,util-linux"- 2.35. For example, the commands: mksquashfs /etc /tmp/etc.raw veritysetup format /tmp/etc.raw /tmp/etc.verity --root-hash-file=/tmp/etc.roothash openssl smime -sign -in /tmp/etc.roothash -nocerts -inkey private.key \ -signer private.crt -noattr -binary -outform der -out /tmp/etc.roothash.p7s mount -o verity.hashdevice=/tmp/etc.verity,verity.roothashfile=/tmp/etc.roothash,\ verity.roothashsig=/tmp/etc.roothash.p7s /tmp/etc.raw /mnt ,,squashfs" /etc , /mnt. ,,roothashsig". . , mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt -t vfat -o loop=/dev/loop3 /dev/loop3 /tmp/disk.img, /mnt. ( ,,-o loop"), mount , mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt -o loop mount ,," ,,libblkid"-, : mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt mount -t ext4 /tmp/disk.img /mnt , loop, offset sizelimit, losetup(8). ( .) 2.6.25 , mount- umount- /etc/mtab. , losetup -d umount -d. ,,util-linux"- 2.29, mount . . mount ( ORed): 0 1 2 ( , , ) 4 mount 8 16 /etc/mtab- 32 64 mount -a 0 ( ), 32 ( ), 64 ( , ). 126 ,,/sbin/mount.<>" ( ,,util-linux v2.41") : sbin/mount. [-sfnv] [-N -] [-o ] [-t .] -sfnvoN . -t ( /sbin/mount.fuse -t fuse.sshfs). mount unbindable, runbindable, private, rprivate, slave, rslave, shared, rshared, auto, noauto, comment, x-*, loop, offset sizelimit ,,mount.<>" . -o. mount-(8). 126 , ,,execl()" . LIBMOUNT_FORCE_MOUNT2={always|never|auto} mount(2) ( API ). auto; , ,,libmount" mount(2) . API , ,,libmount" mount(2), ,,LIBMOUNT_FORCE_MOUNT2" never. LIBMOUNT_FSTAB=<> fstab ( ) LIBMOUNT_DEBUG=all ,,libmount" LIBBLKID_DEBUG=all ,,libblkid" LOOPDEV_DEBUG=all ,, /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab /proc/mounts". /etc/fstab /run/mount ,,libmount" /etc/mtab /proc/mounts /etc/mtab~ ( mtab ) /etc/mtab.tmp ( mtab ) /etc/filesystems mount 5 AT&T UNIX-. . -o sync -o dirsync (ext2, ext3, ext4, fat vfat (a la BSD) sync). -o remount ( ext2fs- , sb, ,,remount", , gid umask fatfs). /etc/mtab /proc/mounts mtab . mount, (. NFS - mount NFS /proc/mount ). mtab /proc/mounts. NFS (. fcntl ioctl) noac. loop offset sizelimit mount . losetup(8) mount- . mount(2), umount(2), filesystems(5), fstab(5), nfs(5), xfs(5), mount_namespaces(7), xattr(7), e2label(8), findmnt(8), losetup(8), lsblk(8), mke2fs(8), mountd(8), nfsd(8), swapon(8), tune2fs(8), umount(8), xfs_admin(8) , ,,https://github.com/util-linux/util-linux/issues[issue tracker]". mount ,,util-linux" . util-linux 2.42 2026-04-01 MOUNT(8)