MAN(1) man - man [ man] [[] ...] ... man -k [ apropos] ... man -K [ man] [] ... man -f [whatis ] ... man -l [ man] ... man -w|-W [ man] ... man - . , man, , . , . , man . ( ) , . , , . 1 2 (, ) 3 ( ) 4 ( /dev/) 5 , . /etc/passwd 6 7 ( ), . man(7), groff(7), man-pages(7) 8 ( root) 9 [ ] . NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT, FILES, VERSIONS, STANDARDS, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, SEE ALSO. . , . . [-abc] - [ ] . -a|-b , '|', . ... . [] ... expression [ ] . . , man . , . , . man ls () ls. man man.7 man 7. ( <>.) man 'man(7)' man 7. ( "man 7 man". . , , .) man -a intro intro. - . man -t bash | lpr -Pps bash troff groff ps. groff - PostScript. man --help , -t. man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi nroff ./foo.1x.gz (dvi) . , -T stdout . , xdvi, PostScript , dvips. man -k printf printf, . - . apropos printf. man -f smail , smail, . whatis smail. man, . , , , . , %man. "" $MANOPT - , , , , ( ). man $MANOPT , . , , , . , $MANOPT, -D . man <<>> , $MANOPT, . nroff(1) , /usr/share/man. cat, . manpath(5) , . , . , $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG - , POSIX: <>[_<>[.<>[,<>]]] , ( ). , , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , . $MANSECT SECTION /etc/man_db.conf. : 1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7 (pager). , ( -P ). . -, -p $MANROFFSEQ. -p , nroff . , , '\[u0435]" <> - , -p . , . (nroff [tg]roff -t) . , man mandb_nfmt ( mandb_tfmt -t), . , , -T -E, . , , $MANOPT, . , , . -C , --config-file= ~/.manpath). -d, --debug . -D, --default man . , , $MANOPT. - , -D, . --warnings[=] groff. . - , ; , "mac". groff, "!": , --warnings=mac,!break "mac" "break". . <<>> info groff. -f, --whatis whatis. , . whatis(1). -k, --apropos apropos. - . apropos(1). -K, --global-apropos . , ; , , , . ( ), , --regex. , , , , , , , "\-" . . -l, --local-file <<>> . . nroff . cat. '-' , stdin. , man , "/", , . -w, --where, --path, --location , nroff, . -a, , . -W, --where-cat, --location-cat , , . -a, , . -w -W, , , . -w, -W, -a, . -c, --catman catman. -R , --recode= , , , . , manconv(1) . , , , . man-recode(1) , , , . -L , --locale= man setlocale(3), , , $LC_MESSAGES $LANG. , man. , , . , , . -m [,...], --systems=[,...] , . NewOS -m NewOS. , . , man . $SYSTEM. -M , --manpath= manpath . , man , manpath, . $MANPATH , -m . , manpath, , , man-db ( << >>). , -l. -S , -s , --sections= , . $MANSECT. ( -s System V.) -e -, --extension=- , , Tcl, . , exit(3), Tcl l. , "", , exit(3tcl). man exit(3) exit(3tcl). , , man -, , . , -e tcl man *tcl. -i, --ignore-case . . -I, --match-case . --regex , - , apropos(1). <<>> , -a. --wildcard , - , , apropos(1) --wildcard. , . "" , -a. --names-only --regex --wildcard, , , whatis(1). , . -a, --all , man . man , . -u, --update man, . , mandb(8) . --no-subpages , man , , . , , , , . : $ man -aw git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz , --no-subpages. $ man -aw --no-subpages git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz /usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz /usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz -P , --pager= , . , man less, less , cat. $MANPAGER, $PAGER. -f -k. , ( , ). ; , , . -r , --prompt= less , man . () x , - , , x - . $LESS. -r , . $MAN_PN, , <<(>> <<)>>. , , \ \ \ $MAN_PN\ ?lt\ %lt?L/%L.: \ %bB?s/%s..?\ ():?pB\ %pB\\%.. ( h q, ) . less(1). . , . $, less. man -ix8. $MANLESS, , , . -7, --ascii ascii(7) 7- , latin1(7) GNU nroff. ascii ascii latin1. - latin1. : latin1(7) GNU nroff. latin1 ascii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255 - - ( ) 267 o o 264 ' ' 327 x x latin1 , latin1, . latin1 ascii , man latin1. latin1 , , . -t, -H, -T, -Z nroff, GNU. -E , --encoding= , . , nroff, ascii, latin1, utf8, , UTF-8. --no-hyphenation, --nh nroff , , . , . nroff, , nroff; , <<\%>> , , , <<\%>> , . --no-justification, --nj , nroff . , , << >>. nroff, , nroff; , ".na", ".nf", ".fi" ".ad", . -p , --preprocessor= , nroff troff/groff. . , : eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v), refer (r). $MANROFFSEQ. zsoelim . -t, --troff groff -mandoc, stdout. -H, -T -Z. -T[], --troff-device[=] groff (, , troff) , , . -t. dvi, latin1, pdf, ps, utf8, X75 X100. -H[], --html[=] , groff HTML-, -. , , $BROWSER, , ( lynx). -t, GNU troff. -X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi] groff gxditview. (dpi) 75, 75-12, 100 100-12, 75; -12 12 . -T X75, X75-12, X100 X100-12. -Z, --ditroff groff troff - , . groff -mandoc groff, groff -. -t. -?, --help . --usage . -V, --version . 0 . 1 , . 2 . 3 , . 16 // . MANPATH $MANPATH, . manpath(5) , . MANROFFOPT , man (nroff, troff, groff), $MANROFFOPT . , MANROFFOPT=-P-i ( ) . MANROFFSEQ $MANROFFSEQ, , . . MANSECT $MANSECT, , , , . <<1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7>>, SECTION /etc/man_db.conf. MANPAGER, PAGER $MANPAGER $PAGER ( $MANPAGER), (). less, less , cat. , ( , ). ; , , . MANLESS $MANLESS, less, , -r ( - $MAN_PN ). , <>, $MANLESS `-Psmy prompt string'. -r . BROWSER $BROWSER, , . - man --html. %s , HTML groff, %% (%), %c - (:). SYSTEM $SYSTEM, , -m. MANOPT $MANOPT, man , . man , $MANOPT, , . , , , . MANWIDTH $MANWIDTH, . , , ( $COLUMNS, ioctl(2), , 80 , ). cat , , 66 80 . MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING , (, ), . , $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING - , . man, . MAN_KEEP_STDERR , ( ), - , , , . , groff, , , , . , $MAN_KEEP_STDERR - , . MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP Linux, man , , seccomp(2). . , , $MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP - , . PIPELINE_DEBUG $PIPELINE_DEBUG "1", man , , . LANG, LC_MESSAGES , $LANG, $LC_MESSAGES . man ( ). . setlocale(3). /etc/man_db.conf man-db. /usr/share/man . POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, POSIX.1-2017. . apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), manpath(5), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8) , info(1) HTML. 1990, 1991 - . (jwe@che.utexas.edu). 23 1992 : (faith@cs.unc.edu) , Willem Kasdorp (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl). 30- 1994 - 23- 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) . 30 1996 - 30 2001: Fabrizio Polacco Debian, . 31 2001 - : Colin Watson man-db. https://gitlab.com/man-db/man-db/-/issues https://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=man-db 2.13.1 2025-05-02 MAN(1)