MAN(1) man - man [ ] [[] ...] ... man -k [ ] _ ... man -K [ ] [] ... man -f [- ] ... man -l [ ] ... man -w|-W [ ] ... %% . %% , . . , , %% . (see DEFAULTs), , . . 1 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( ,,/dev") 5 , . ,, /etc/passwd" 6 7 ( ), . man(7), groff(7), man-pages(7) 8 ( ) 9 [ ] . Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT, FILES, VERSIONS, STANDARDS, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO. . . . [-abc] [ ] . -a|-b ,,|" . ... . [] ... ,,[ ]" . . , , . . . man ls () ls. man .7 7. ( ,,man 7 man".) man '(7)' 7. ( ,,man 7 ". . .) man -a , , . . man -t | lpr -Pps - - ps. - . ,,man --help" ,,-t". man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi - ./foo.1x.gz (dvi - device independent). -T . ,,xdvi" ,,dvips". man -k printf printf . . ,,apropos printf." man -f smail ,,smail" . ,,whatis smail." %% . , , , . , %%. ,,catch-all" $MANOPT ( ). %% $MANOPT . . $MANOPT, -D . %% ,," $MANOPT . ,,nroff(1)" ,,/usr/share/man". , ,,cat pages" . ,,manpath(5)" . , ,,locale". , ,,$LC_MESSAGES", ,,$LANG", , ,,POSIX" : <>[_<>[.<->[,<>]]] , ( ). , . , , , . , . , . ,,$MANSECT" ,,SECTION" ,,/etc/man_db.conf". : 1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7 ,,pager"-. , ( ,,-P" ). . , -p $MANROFFSEQ. -p , . , '\" <> -p . , . (nroff [tg]roff -t) . , ,,mandb_nfmt" ( ,,mandb_tfmt" -t) , . , , -T -E . - , $MANOPT, , . , . -C , --config-file= Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manpath. -d, --debug . -D, --default %% . $MANOPT. -D . --warnings[=] Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform sanity checks on the source text of manual pages. warnings is a comma-separated list of warning names; if it is not supplied, the default is "mac". To disable a groff warning, prefix it with "!": for example, --warnings=mac,!break enables warnings in the "mac" category and disables warnings in the "break" category. See the "Warnings" node in info groff for a list of available warning names. -f, --whatis Approximately equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual page, if available. See whatis(1) for details. -k, --apropos Approximately equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descriptions for keywords and display any matches. See apropos(1) for details. -K, --global-apropos . , ; , . (), --regex. Note that this searches the sources of the manual pages, not the rendered text, and so may include false positives due to things like comments in source files, or false negatives due to things like hyphens being written as "\-" in source files. Searching the rendered text would be much slower. -l, --local-file Activate "local" mode. Format and display local manual files instead of searching through the system's manual collection. Each manual page argument will be interpreted as an nroff source file in the correct format. No cat file is produced. If '-' is listed as one of the arguments, input will be taken from stdin. If this option is not used, then man will also fall back to interpreting manual page arguments as local file names if the argument contains a "/" character, since that is a good indication that the argument refers to a path on the file system. -w, --where, --path, --location , . ,,-a" , . -W, --where-cat, --location-cat , . ,,-a" , . ,,-w" ,,-W", . ,,-w", ,,-W", ,,-a", . -c, --catman catman. -R , --recode= , . , manconv(1). , , . ,,man-recode(1)" , . -L , --locale= man ,,setlocale(3)" , $LC_MESSAGES $LANG. , man. . . -m [,...], --systems=[,...] , . -, ,,-m ". . , . $SYSTEM. -M , --manpath= - . , man manpath . $MANPATH -m. - ( ,, "). , -l. -S , -s , --sections= , . ,,$MANSECT" . (,,-s" V.) -e -, --extension=- , Tcl, . exit(3), Tcl l. , , ,,", , exit(3tcl). , %% exit(3) exit(3tcl). , %% - . , -e tcl %% *tcl. -i, --ignore-case . . -I, --match-case . --regex , apropos(1). ,," , -a. --wildcard , apropos(1) --wildcard. , . ,," , -a. --names-only --regex --wildcard, , , whatis(1). , . -a, --all , %% . %% . -u, --update ,,man" . , ,,mandb(8)" . --no-subpages , %% . , . : $ man -aw git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz , --no-subpages. $ man -aw --no-subpages git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz /usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz /usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz -P , --pager= . , ,,man" ,,less", ,,cat" ,,less" . $MANPAGER, $PAGER. ,,-f" ,,-k". , ( , ). ; , , . -r , --prompt= less, %% . () x , x . $LESS. -r . $MAN_PN ,,(" ,,)". \ \ \ \$MAN_PN\ ?lt\ %lt?L/%L.: \ %bB?s/%s..?\ ():?pB\ %pB\\%.. ( ,,h" ,,q" ) . less(1). . , . $ ,,less". %% -ix8 . $MANLESS . -7, --ascii (7) 7- , 1(7) . 1 . 1 . : 1(7) . latin1 ascii --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255 - - 267 o o () 264 ' ' 327 x x 1 , 1 . 1 , %% 1 . 1 , . -t, -H, -T, -Z . -E , --encoding= . , , 1, 8 -8. --no-hyphenation, --nh , , . , . , , ; , ,,\%" , ,,\%" . --no-justification, --nj , . , , ,,-" . , , ; , ,,.na", ,,.nf", ,,.fi", ,,.ad" . -p , --preprocessor= /. . : eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v), refer (r). $MANROFFSEQ. zsoelim . -t, --troff %% . -H, -T, -Z. -T[], --troff-device[=] This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be suitable for a device other than the default. It implies -t. Examples (as of groff 1.23.0) include dvi, latin1, pdf, ps, utf8, X75 and X100. -H[], --html[=] , . , $BROWSER, ( ). -t, . -X[], --gxditview[=] ,,gxditview". ( ) 75, 75-12, 100, 100-12, 75; -12 12-. -T X75, X75-12, X100, X100-12 . -Z, --ditroff - . %% , -. -t. -?, --help . --usage . -V, --version . 0 . 1 , . 2 . 3 - . 16 // . MANPATH $MANPATH, . SEARCH PATH manpath-(5) . MANROFFOPT ,,man" (nroff, troff, groff), ,,$MANROFFOPT" . For example, MANROFFOPT=-P-i tells the formatter to use italic text (which is only supported by some terminals) rather than underlined text. MANROFFSEQ $MANROFFSEQ, . . MANSECT $MANSECT, . ,,1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7", SECTION /etc/man_db.conf. MANPAGER, PAGER $MANPAGER $PAGER ($MANPAGER ), . , less, ,,cat" ,,less" . , ( , ). ; , , . MANLESS $MANLESS, less, -r ( $MAN_PN ). , ,, ", $MANLESS ,,-Ps ". -r . BROWSER $BROWSER, , ,,man --html". , %s , %% (%), %c (:). SYSTEM $SYSTEM, ,,-m". MANOPT $MANOPT, %% . %% , $MANOPT . . MANWIDTH $MANWIDTH, ( $COLUMNS, ioctl(2) , 80 ). , 66 80 . MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING , ( ), . , $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING - , . %% . MAN_KEEP_STDERR , ( ), . , . , , , $MAN_KEEP_STDERR - , . MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP , man seccomp(2) . . , $MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP - . PIPELINE_DEBUG $PIPELINE_DEBUG 1, man . LANG, LC_MESSAGES , $LANG $LC_MESSAGES . %% ( ). setlocale(3) . /etc/man_db.conf --. /usr/share/man . STANDARDS POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, POSIX.1-2017. apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), manpath(5), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8) , ,,info(1)" ,,HTML". 1990, 1991 - . (jwe@che.utexas.edu). 23. 1992.: (faith@cs.unc.edu) (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl). 30. 1994. - 23. 2000.: . (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) . 30. 1996. - 30. 2001.: , . 31. 2001. - : ,,man-db". https://gitlab.com/man-db/man-db/-/issues https://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=man-db 2.12.1 2024-04-05 MAN(1)