MAN(1) man - man [ man] [[] ...] ... man -k [ apropos] ... man -K [ man] [] ... man -f [whatis ] ... man -l [ man] ... man -w|-W [ man] ... man -- . , man, , . . , man . ( DEFAULTS) , . . 1 (shell) 2 (, ) 3 (, ) 4 ( /dev) 5 , /etc/passwd 6 7 ( ), man(7), groff(7), man-pages(7) 8 (, ) 9 [ ] . : (NAME), (SYNOPSIS), (CONFIGURATION), (DESCRIPTION), (OPTIONS), (EXIT STATUS), (RETURN VALUE), (ERRORS), (ENVIRONMENT), (FILES), (VERSIONS), (STANDARDS), (NOTES), (BUGS), (EXAMPLE), (AUTHORS) (SEE ALSO). ( ). . . [-abc] [ ] . -a|-b , |, . ... . [] ... [ ] . . , man, , , . , . , . man ls () ls. man man.7 man 7 ( "man 7 man"). man 'man(7)' man 7 ( "man 7 man"; ; , - ). man -a intro intro. . man -t bash | lpr -Pps bash troff groff ps. , groff PostScript. man --help -t. man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi nroff ./foo.1x.gz (dvi). , -T . , , xdvi PostScript , , dvips. man -k printf printf, . . apropos printf. man -f smail , smail . whatis smail. man . , , -- . man . <<>> $MANOPT, ( ). man $MANOPT , . , , . , $MANOPT, -D . man <<>> , $MANOPT, . , nroff(1) /usr/share/man. cat. manpath(5). ( ). , $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG ( ) , POSIX: <>[_<>[.<>[,<>]]] , (, ) . , , , . , , , . , . , , . $MANSECT SECTION /etc/man_db.conf. : 1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7 . , ( -P). . -, -p $MANROFFSEQ. -p , nroff . , '\" <> , -p . , . (nroff [tg]roff -t) . , mandb_nfmt ( mandb_tfmt -t) , . , , , , , -T -E. , , $MANOPT , . , . -C , --config-file= ~/.manpath. -d, --debug . -D, --default , man . , $MANOPT. , -D, . --warnings[=] groff. . ; , <>. groff, <>: , --warnings=mac,!break <> <>. info groff, "". -f, --whatis whatis. , . whatis(1). -k, --apropos apropos. . apropos(1). -K, --global-apropos . , ; , , . ( ), , --regex. , , , , , - - , "\-" . . -l, --local-file <<>> . , . nroff. Cat . <<->>, . , man , <>, , . -w, --where, --path, --location , nroff, . -a, , . -W, --where-cat, --location-cat , cat, . -a, , . -w -W, cat, . -w, -W -a, . -c, --catman , catman. -R , --recode= . , manconv(1). , , , , . man-recode(1) , . -L , --locale= man, , C- setlocale(3), , $LC_MESSAGES $LANG. , , man. , . , , . -m [,...], --systems=[,...] , . NewOS, -m NewOS. . , man . $SYSTEM. -M , --manpath= manpath . , man manpath, . $MANPATH -m. manpath , , man-db ( " "). , -l. -S , -s , --sections= , , . $MANSECT ( -s System V). -e ., --extension=. , , Tcl, . , , exit(3), Tcl, , l. (3). , <<>>, , exit(3tcl). , man exit(3), exit(3tcl). , man ., . , -e tcl man, *tcl. -i, --ignore-case . . -I, --match-case . --regex , - , , apropos(1). , , "" , -a. --wildcard , - , , apropos(1) --wildcard. , . , , "" , -a. --names-only --regex --wildcard, , , whatis(1). , . -a, --all , man . man , . -u, --update man . , , mandb(8). --no-subpages , man , , , . , , , . : $ man -aw git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz , --no-subpages. $ man -aw --no-subpages git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz /usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz /usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz -P , --pager= , . , man less cat, less . $MANPAGER , , $PAGER. -f -k. , ( , ). ; , -, . -r , --prompt= less, man . Manual page () line x , -- , x -- . $LESS. -r. $MAN_PN, , <<(>> <<)>>. , , \ \ \ \$MAN_PN\ ?lt\ %lt?L/%L.: byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ ():?pB\ %pB\\%.. (h -- , q -- ) . less(1). . , . $, less. , man -ix8. $MANLESS, , , . -7, --ascii ascii(7) 7- latin1(7) GNU nroff . ascii ascii, latin1. latin1 . : GNU nroff latin1(7). latin1 ascii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 255 - - bullet ( ) 267 o o 264 ' ' 327 x x latin1 , latin1 . latin1 ascii , , man latin1. latin1 , . -t, -H, -T -Z, nroff, GNU. -E , --encoding= , . , UTF-8, nroff, , ascii, latin1 utf8. --no-hyphenation, --nh , nroff , , . ; , . nroff , , nroff; , "\%" , "\%" , . --no-justification, --nj , nroff . , , " ". nroff , , nroff; , ".na", ".nf", ".fi", ".ad" . -p , --preprocessor= nroff troff/groff. . , : eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v), refer (r). $MANROFFSEQ. zsoelim . -t, --troff groff -mandoc . -H, -T -Z. -T[], --troff-device[=] This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be suitable for a device other than the default. It implies -t. Examples (as of groff 1.23.0) include dvi, latin1, pdf, ps, utf8, X75 and X100. -H[], --html[=] groff HTML -, -. , $BROWSER, , , , ( lynx). -t, GNU troff. -X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi] groff gxditview. dpi ( ) 75, 75-12, 100 100-12; 75; -12 12 . -T X75, X75-12, X100 X100-12 . -Z, --ditroff groff troff, , . groff -mandoc groff, groff . -t. -?, --help . --usage . -V, --version . 0 . 1 , . 2 . 3 . 16 // . MANPATH $MANPATH, . , , manpath(5). MANROFFOPT , man (nroff, troff groff) $MANROFFOPT. For example, MANROFFOPT=-P-i tells the formatter to use italic text (which is only supported by some terminals) rather than underlined text. MANROFFSEQ $MANROFFSEQ, . . MANSECT $MANSECT, , , , . <<1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7>>, SECTION /etc/man_db.conf. MANPAGER, PAGER $MANPAGER $PAGER ($MANPAGER ), . , less cat, less . , ( , ). ; , -, . MANLESS $MANLESS, less, -r ( $MAN_PN - ). , "my prompt string", $MANLESS `-Psmy prompt string'. -r . BROWSER $BROWSER, , ; - man --html. %s , HTML groff, %% (%), %c (:). SYSTEM $SYSTEM -m. MANOPT $MANOPT, man . man , $MANOPT , . , , , . MANWIDTH $MANWIDTH, . , ( $COLUMNS, ioctl(2), , 80 , ). Cat , , 66 80 . MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING , (, ), . , $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING , . man, . MAN_KEEP_STDERR , (, ), , , . groff , . , , , $MAN_KEEP_STDERR , . MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP Linux, man, , , , seccomp(2). . , , $MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP. PIPELINE_DEBUG $PIPELINE_DEBUG <<1>>, man . LANG, LC_MESSAGES , $LANG $LC_MESSAGES . man ( ). setlocale(3). /etc/man_db.conf man-db. /usr/share/man . STANDARDS POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, POSIX.1-2017. apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), manpath(5), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8) , , info(1) HTML. 1990, 1991 - . (John W. Eaton, jwe@che.utexas.edu). 23 1992: (Rik Faith, faith@cs.unc.edu) , (Willem Kasdorp, wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl). 30 1994 - 23 2000: (Wilf. G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) . 30 1996 - 30 2001: (Fabrizio Polacco, Debian . 31 2001 - : (Colin Watson, man-db. https://gitlab.com/man-db/man-db/-/issues https://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=man-db 2.13.0 2024-08-29 MAN(1)