LESS(1) General Commands Manual LESS(1) less -- more less -? less --help less -V less --version less [-[+]aABcCdeEfFgGiIJKLmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX~] [-b ] [-h ] [-j ] [-k _] [-{oO} _] [-p ] [-P ] [-t ] [-T _] [-x ,...] [-y ] [-[z] ] [-# ] [+[+]] [--] [_]... (. .) Less -- , more(1), , , . , less , , vi(1). less termcap ( terminfo ), . . ( , , .) more vi. , N. , , . ^X Ctrl-X. ESC ESCAPE; , ESC-v : <>, <>. h H : . , ' . , ^V, f, ^F N , (. -z ). N , . : ^V . z , N, N . ESC- , , . ENTER, RETURN, ^N, e, ^E, j, ^J N , , 1. N , N . d ^D N , , . N, d u. b, ^B, ESC-v N , (. -z ). N , . w ESC-v, N, N . y, ^Y, ^P, k, ^K N , , 1. N , N . : ^Y . u ^U N , , . N, d u. J j, . K Y j, . ESC-) N , , (. -#). N, . , -S ( ). ESC-( N , , (. -#). N, . ESC-} ^ , . ESC-{ ^ . r, ^R, ^L . R , . , . , . F . , , . , . ( <>.) , (, ^C). , poll(2), ^X , --. --exit-follow-on-close, less , . ESC-F F, , , . g, <, ESC-< N , 1 ( ). (: , N .) G, >, ESC-> N , . (: , N , , N , , .) ESC-G , G, , N, , , . p % N . N 0 100, . P , N . { , , , { . , . , N N- . } , , , } . , . , N N- . ( {, . ) }, . [ {, . ] }, . ESC-^F , {, , . , <>>, >, < . ESC-^B , }, , . , <>>, <, > . m - , . -J, . M m, , . ' ( .) - , , . , , <<>> . ^ $, , . , ' . ^X^X , . ESC-m - , , . / N- , . N 1. , , . , ( ); -i. (, . -a -j, ). , ; , : ^N ! , . ^E * . , , , . ^F @ , , , -a -j. ^K - , , ( ). ^R ; . ^S N 1 5. , N- . ( , less - posix, pcre pcre2.) ^S, . ^W . , , , . ^W, ^E . ? N- , . (, . -a -j, ). , /: ^N ! , . ^E * . , , , . ^F @ , , , -a -j. ^K . ^R . ^S . ^W . , , , . ESC-/ , <>. ESC-? , <>. n N- , . ^N, N- , . ^E, ( ) , . ^R, . , ^F ^K. N , . ESC-n , . , *. ESC-N , . ESC-u . , . ESC-u, . - . ( -G; .) ESC-U ESC-u, . -J, . & , ; , , . ( & ENTER), -- . , , , . &. , . , /: ^N ! , . ^R ; . :e [_] . , <<>> (. :n :p ) . (%) . (#) . , . , . , . , , , :n :p. , , . , (. -"). ^X^V E , :e. : ^V . ^V. :n ( , ). N, N- . :p . N, N- . :x . N, N- . :d . t , . . -t, . T , . =, ^G, :f , , . , , . - (. ), . ^P (Ctrl-P), , . (, -b -h) (, -P -t), . , , . -- -, (. ), . ENTER RETURN . ^P , , -. -+ , , , . ( <<-+X>> , <<-+X>> .) . --+ -+, , . -! , , , . . --! -!, , . _ (.) , , . . __ ( .) _ (), , . ENTER RETURN . + , . , +G less , . V less. q, Q, :q, :Q, ZZ less. , . v , . VISUAL, , EDITOR, VISUAL , , , <>, VISUAL, EDITOR. . LESSEDIT <<>> . ! - . (%) . (#) . <> . <> . Unix SHELL -- sh. MS-DOS OS/2 . # - <>, , . , <<%f>>. | - - . . , . , , . ^ $ , . . , . s _ . , , . ^X << >>, F, ^X less . , less , , R F . --intr ^X. , poll(2). poll(2) (, ^C). . less <<->>. : . , . , --quit-at-eof --quit, --qui, --qui --quit-at-eof --quiet. , --QUIT-AT-EOF, --quit-at-eof. , - . , --Quit-at-eof , --QUIT-AT-EOF. , <>. , < ...>> , less, csh: setenv LESS "-" , sh: LESS="-"; export LESS MS-DOS , . , LESS. LESS, , <<-+>>. , -k -D, . ($). , -D : LESS="Dn9.1$Ds4.1" --use-backslash, , . --use-backslash , , . -? --help , less ( , h). ( , , , , : "-\?".) -a --search-skip-screen , , -- ( , n N; -, ; . -j, -). -a , , -- , , . -A --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN ( ) , -- . , ( , ). , . less 441. -bn --buffers=n , ' less (1024 ). , ' 64 ( ; . -B). -b , n . n -1, ; , ' . -B --auto-buffers , , , . ' , ' '. -B , , 64 ( ' ', -b) . : -B , ' ; . . -c --clear-screen . , . -C --CLEAR-SCREEN , -c, less. -d --dumb -d , , , . -d less . -Dx --color=x . x , , : B . C . E . H , --header. M . N -N. P . R rscroll. S . 1-5 , , '. , less - posix, pcre pcre2. W -w. d . k , . s . u . , --use-color. , . , , , . , <> <>, <>, <> . <> <> , (. -U), ANSI -R. + , . , -Dug ; . -Du+g . 4- , 8- : 4- , , , -- ( ) : b c g k m r Red w y . , -DNGk - , -DEbR - . <<->> , . 8- , . , -- . 0 255, , <> (. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#SGR) <<->> , . less MS-DOS 8- ; 4- CHAR_INFO. (. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/console/char-info-str). MS-DOS -Da ANSI (SGR), -R. , (, ) . -e --quit-at-eof less, . , less <>. -E --QUIT-AT-EOF less, . -f --force , . ( .) - . , less . , , -f. -F --quit-if-one-screen less, . -g --hilite-search , less , . -g : , . , , less. -G --HILITE-SEARCH -G , . -hn --max-back-scroll=n . , n, . ( , -h0.) -i --ignore-case . , . , . , , . -I --IGNORE-CASE -i, , . -jn --jump-target=n , <<>>. -- , - , , . : 1, -- 2 . ', : -1, -- -2 . , , : .5 -- , .3 -- . , , . - -j, ( <> <>) , , -a -A. , <<-j4>>, , ' . , ( <> <>) , . -J --status-column . : > -S, , , . < , , , . = , . * , . a-z, A-Z m. -k_ --lesskey-file=_ less lesskey(1). -k . LESSKEY LESSKEY_SYSTEM lesskey (. ' ), lesskey. --lesskey-src=_ less lesskey(1). LESSKEYIN LESSKEYIN_SYSTEM lesskey (. ' ), lesskey. 582 lesskey, lesskey lesskey less. less lesskey , . -K --quit-on-intr less ( 2), (, ^C). , less . , <>. -L --no-lessopen LESSOPEN (. ). less, , . -m --long-prompt less ( more), . less . -M --LONG-PROMPT less , more. -n --line-numbers . ( ) less , , . -n . , =, v (. LESSEDIT ). -N --LINE-NUMBERS . -o_ --log-file=_ less , . , , . , less , . -O_ --LOG-FILE=_ -O -o, . , -o -O less, . , . <> -o less. -p --pattern= -p +/; less, . -P --prompt= . , LESS, less. LESS, . -Ps, , () . -Pm (-m) . -PM (-M) . -Ph . -P= , =. -Pw , ( <>). . <<>>. -q, --quiet, --silent <<>> : . << >>, . , - , . . -Q, --QUIET, --SILENT <<>> : . << >>, , . -r --raw-control-chars <<>> . ; , Ctrl-A ( 001) "^A" ( , -U). : -r, less ( , ). , , , . -r. -R --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS -r, escape- ANSI <<>> OSC 8 <<>> . -r, , , escape- . Escape- , , . , ( ), - escape- . , escape- . OSC 8 : ESC ] 8 ; ... \7 BEL (\7) "ESC \". escape- ANSI : ESC [ ... m <<...>> -- . less , ANSI , <>, LESSANSIENDCHARS , . less , ESC <> , , LESSANSIMIDCHARS , . -s --squeeze-blank-lines . nroff. -S --chop-long-lines , , . , , , . ; . . --wordwrap. -t --tag= -t, , , . , ; , <>, ctags(1) . LESSGLOBALTAGS, , global(1) . (. http://www.gnu.org/software/global/global.html). -t less ( -) -- . <<:t>> -t less. -T_ --tag-file=_ , <<>>. -u --underline-special ; , , . -U --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL , , << >> ( Unicode) ; , , -r. , -u, -U, , , : . , , , -: . . , , . , -r. Unicode, (BOM), . , -u, -U. . --proc-backspace, --proc-tab --proc-return. -V --version less. -w --hilite-unread <<>> . <<>> -- , , . g p. , . --status-line, ( ). , , -J. , . -W --HILITE-UNREAD -w, - . -xn,... --tabs=n,... . n, , n. , , , , . , <<-x9,17>> 9, 17, 25, 33 . n 8. -X --no-init termcap . , , . -yn --max-forw-scroll=n . n , . -c -C , . , - . -zn, --window=n, -n n . . z w. <> more(1). n ', n . , 24 , -z-4 20 . 40 , 36 . -"cc --quotes=cc . , , . , . , , , . , , -- . , . , , -" (, ). -~ --tilde , (~). . -# --shift << >> << >>. , . , , : .5 -- , .3 -- . , , . --exit-follow-on-close <> , less , , . --file-size --file-size, less . <<=>> . , , , (, ) ' . --follow-name , F , less , . --follow-name, F less . , ( , , ( ) ), less . --header=N[,M] , . <>, N M . , N, M. <>, , N, - , <<,M>>, M, -- . N , N N , , . M , , M , . N, M , less , . (, -j, .) --incsearch <<>>; less , . --intr=c c ^X , << >>. c ASCII; 1 127, . . --line-num-width=n , -N, n . 7 . --modelines=n , less n vim . n , less . , . , - , (<>, <>, <> <>), , , , <>, , . <>, . <> , . <> ', <>. - , . - <> <>, , --tabs=n. . --tabs, n. --mouse : , , <<#>> , . --wheel-lines. , X11, less Windows. --MOUSE --mouse, . --no-keypad . , . --no-histdups , , , , . , . , . --no-number-headers ( --header) . . --no-search-headers . --no-vbell . --proc-backspace , (backspace) , -u, -U. , backspace , backspace . -u -U, backspace . , backspace -u -U. --PROC-BACKSPACE , , -U; , . --proc-return , , -u, -U. , . -u -U, . , -u -U. --PROC-RETURN , , -U; , . --proc-tab , , -U. , . -U, backspace . , -U. --PROC-TAB , , -U; , . --redraw-on-quit , . , , , less. --rscroll=c , . , LESSBINFMT. , . <<->>, . --save-marks , less. --search-options=... . E, F, K, N, R W. - , . , --search-options=W , ^W . , 1 5, , ^S . <<->> . --show-preproc-errors , , less . --status-col-width=n , -J. 2 . --status-line , ( ). -w, . --use-color, , . --use-backslash , . --use-backslash , , . . --use-color . -D. , ANSI ( ECMA-48 SGR; . https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-48). --wheel-lines=n , --mouse --MOUSE. 1 . --wordwrap -S, , , . - . -- "--" . - . , <<->> <<+>>. + +, less. , +G less , , +/xyz "xyz" . , +<> +<>g; , ( "g" ). ++, , , . +, , ( ) . (, :e ), . [ ], , . (, , ESC, MS-DOS Windows, ESC .) - , , , ^V ^A. , . [ ESC-h ] . [ ESC-l ] . ^ [ ESC-b ESC- ] ( CTRL .) . ^ [ ESC-w ESC- ] ( CTRL .) . HOME [ ESC-0 ] . END [ ESC-$ ] . BACKSPACE , . DELETE [ ESC-x ] . ^BACKSPACE [ ESC-BACKSPACE ] ( CTRL BACKSPACE .) . ^DELETE [ ESC-X ESC-DELETE ] ( CTRL DELETE .) . [ ESC-k ] . , , , . [ ESC-j ] . , , , . TAB . , . TAB . , <>. ( MS-DOS <<\>>.) LESSSEPARATOR. BACKTAB [ ESC-TAB ] TAB, . ^L . , ( ). ^U (Unix OS/2) ESC (MS-DOS) , . Unix , ^U, ^U . ^G . ' less lesskey. - , ' . (. ) , less. . lesskey(1), . LESSKEYIN, less lesskey. , less lesskey: Unix less lesskey <<$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/lesskey>>, <<$HOME/.config/lesskey>> <<$HOME/.lesskey>>. MS-DOS Windows less lesskey <<$HOME/_lesskey>> , , lesskey <<_lesskey>> - , PATH. OS/2 less lesskey <<$HOME/lesskey.ini>> , , lesskey <> - , INIT, , , lesskey <> - , PATH. lesskey ' . lesskey , . LESSKEYIN_SYSTEM, less lesskey. less lesskey : Unix lesskey /usr/local/etc/syslesskey. (, less sysconf, /usr/local/etc, , sysless.) MS-DOS Windows, lesskey c:\_syslesskey. OS/2 lesskey c:\syslesskey.ini. less ( 582) lesskey , lesskey. lesskey . << >> less. less , . ( ), , -. - . , ; less . -- , . -, - . -, less , . . , LESSOPEN , . <<%s>>, . less , , , , - ( -, LESSOPEN). -- , , -. , LESSCLOSE , . <<%s>>; , -- -, LESSOPEN. , Unix , less : lessopen.sh: #! /bin/sh case "$1" in *.Z) TEMPFILE=$(mktemp) uncompress -c $1 >$TEMPFILE 2>/dev/null if [ -s $TEMPFILE ]; then echo $TEMPFILE else rm -f $TEMPFILE fi ;; esac lessclose.sh: #! /bin/sh rm $2 , , , LESSOPEN="lessopen.sh %s" LESSCLOSE="lessclose.sh %s %s". LESSOPEN LESSCLOSE, . less, -. . , , . , - , - . , - , less , . , LESSOPEN (|) , . , , %s, . , Unix, : lesspipe.sh: #! /bin/sh case "$1" in *.Z) uncompress -c $1 2>/dev/null ;; *) exit 1 ;; esac exit $? , , , LESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s". , , , , . , LESSOPEN , , . , -. , . less, LESSOPEN , . , LESSCLOSE, , , , -, . - LESSCLOSE <<->>. less , less . , LESSOPEN (-), , . . , , . , LESSOPEN (|-) (||-), , . , . : . , ( ). , . << >> , , . LESSCHARSET. LESSCHARSET : ascii BS, TAB, NL, CR , 32 126 , . iso8859 ISO 8859. , ASCII, 160 255 . latin1 , iso8859. latin9 , iso8859. dos , MS-DOS. ebcdic EBCDIC. IBM-1047 EBCDIC, OS/390 Unix. EBCDIC latin1. LESSCHARSET=IBM-1047 LC_CTYPE=en_US . koi8-r . next , ' NeXT. utf-8 UTF-8 ISO 10646. UTF-8 , . , . windows , Microsoft Windows (cp 1251). less , , , LESSCHARSET. LESSCHARDEF. , . <<.>> , <> -- , <> -- . . , <> , 0 , 1, 2 3 -- , 4, 5, 6 7 -- , 8 -- . , , 9 255 . ( , ' .) LESSCHARDEF, LESSCHARSET: ascii 8bcccbcc18b95.b dos 8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b. ebcdic 5bc6bcc7bcc41b.9b7.9b5.b..8b6.10b6.b9.7b 9.8b8.17b3.3b9.7b9.8b8.6b10.b.b.b. IBM-1047 4cbcbc3b9cbccbccbb4c6bcc5b3cbbc4bc4bccbc 191.b iso8859 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. koi8-r 8bcccbcc18b95.b128. latin1 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. next 8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb LESSCHARSET, LESSCHARDEF, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE LANG <>, <>, <> <>, utf-8. , setlocale, less setlocale . setlocale LANG LC_CTYPE. , setlocale , latin1. (). <<^>>, (, ^A Ctrl-A). <<^>> , 0100 . , . LESSBINFMT. LESSBINFMT <<*>> : <<*k>> -- , <<*d>> -- , <<*u>> -- , <<*s>> -- <<*n>> -- . LESSBINFMT <<*>>, . LESSBINFMT , printf (% x, X, o, d ). , LESSBINFMT <<*u[%x]>>, . , LESSBINFMT, <<*s<%02X>>>. ! LESSBINFMT 31 . utf-8, LESSUTFBINFMT LESSBINFMT, Unicode, , (, , ). <<>>. , LESSUTFBINFMT LESSBINFMT (<<*x>>), ; LESSUTFBINFMT LESSBINFMT, , , . UTF-8 ( , , , ) LESSBINFMT. , UTF-8. utf-8, Unicode. , , , less, , . LESSUTFCHARDEF , . , , . <> <>. , , . , . : p . w (2-) . b () . c ( ). , LESSUTFCHARDEF E000-F8FF:p,F0000-FFFFD:p,100000-10FFFD:p , . -P . , -P . . , ' , . , , , . (, << >> , .) %bX . b ( X), , . <> , <> -- , <> -- , <> -- , <> -- <<>>, -j. %B . %c , . %dX . , , X, , %b. %D , , , . %E ( VISUAL EDITOR, VISUAL). . LESSEDIT . %f . %F . %g . , , LESSEDIT. %i . %lX . , , X, , %b. %L . %m . %pX . , , X, %b. %PX . , , X, %b. %s , %B. %t . , , -. %T , <>. , -t, <>. %x . (, , ), . . <>: , . , , , . , . <>: - , IF . ( ): ?a <<>>, - . ?bX <<>>, . ?B <<>>, . ?c <<, (%c ). ?dX <<>>, . ?e <<>>, . ?f <<>>, ( , ). ?lX <<>>, . ?L <<>>, . ?m <<>>, . ?n <<>>, . ?pX <<>>, , , . ?PX <<>>, , , . ?s , <>. ?x <<>>, ( ). - , ( , , , ) . - , . : ?f%f:Standard input. , ; , <>. ?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\%:?btByte %bt:-... , . , . , , . , . , , % %pt , . ?n?f%f .?m(%T %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x..%t"; , , <>, . , , <<(END)>>, , . , - . . (-m -M, ). . ?n?f%f .?m(%T %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.: ?pB%pB\%:byte %bB?s/%s...%t ?f%f .?n?m(%T %i of %m) ..?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. : byte %bB?s/%s. .?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.:?pB%pB\%..%t , =: ?f%f .?m(%T %i of %m) .?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. . byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB\%..%t : LESSEDIT, , , v less. LESSEDIT , . LESSEDIT : %E ?lm+%lm. %g , , + , . <<+_>> , LESSEDIT . LESSSECURE 1, less <<>> . , : ! # pshell | :e . v s -o -k lesskey -t tags , * (TAB, ^L) , less , <<>> . MORE LESS_IS_MORE 1 <>, less () POSIX more(1). less , : -e. -e , less , -e . -e , less , -E. -m . -m , , -- <<--More-->>. -m, . -n -z. -n . -p less, . LESS , MORE. , lesskey(1). , , lesskey, , , lesskey. COLUMNS . , TERM. (, , TIOCGWINSZ WIOCGETD, , ' , LINES COLUMNS.) EDITOR ( v). HOME ( lesskey Unix OS/2). HOMEDRIVE, HOMEPATH ' HOMEDRIVE HOMEPATH , HOME ( Windows). INIT ( lesskey OS/2). LANG . LC_CTYPE . LESS , less . LESSANSIENDCHARS , ANSI ( <>). LESSANSIMIDCHARS , ESC ANSI ( : <<0123456789:;[?!"'#%()*+ >>. LESSBINFMT . LESSCHARDEF . LESSCHARSET . LESSCLOSE (') . LESSECHO lessecho (, <>). lessecho , * ? Unix. LESSEDIT ( v). . <<>>. LESSGLOBALTAGS , -t . , <>, global(1). , . LESSHISTFILE , ' less. <<->> <>, . , : Linux Unix "$XDG_STATE_HOME/lesshst", "$HOME/.local/state/lesshst", "$XDG_DATA_HOME/lesshst", "$HOME/.lesshst". Windows MS-DOS "$HOME/_lesshst". OS/2 "$HOME/lesshst.ini" "$INIT/lesshst.ini". LESSHISTSIZE , . 100. LESSKEYIN lesskey. LESSKEY lesskey. ( , <<$LESSKEYIN>>.) LESSKEYIN_SYSTEM lesskey. LESSKEY_SYSTEM lesskey. ( <<$LESSKEYIN_SYSTEM>>.) LESSMETACHARS , <<>>. LESSMETAESCAPE , less , . LESSMETAESCAPE , , , . LESSOPEN (') . LESSSECURE less <<>> . . . LESSSEPARATOR , . LESSUTFBINFMT Unicode. LESSUTFCHARDEF Unicode. LESS_COLUMNS . COLUMNS, , , , less . ' , . LESS_LINES . LINES, , , , less . ' , . less - , , . LESS_DATA_DELAY ( ) , << >>. 4000 (4 ). LESS_IS_MORE more(1). LESS_TERMCAP_xx <> - - ; termcap <> . LINES . , TERM. (, , TIOCGWINSZ WIOCGETD, , ' , LINES COLUMNS.) MORE , less more . PATH ( lesskey MS-DOS OS/2). SHELL , !, . TERM , less. VISUAL ( v). XDG_CONFIG_HOME lesskey, ' . XDG_DATA_HOME ; . LESSHISTFILE. XDG_STATE_HOME ; . LESSHISTFILE. . lesskey(1), lessecho(1) (C) Mark Nudelman, 1984-2023 less GNU. . / (1) GNU (GNU General Public License) Free Software Foundation (2) Less. . README less, . GNU (GNU General Public License) less; . COPYING. , Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. Less; . LICENSE. less , , - ; . GNU General Public License. Mark Nudelman https://github.com/gwsw/less/issues. , less https://greenwoodsoftware.com/less lxlalexlxl Yuri Chornoivan ; , GNU General Public License Version 3 . . , , : . 643: 20 2023 LESS(1)