JOURNALCTL(1) journalctl JOURNALCTL(1) journalctl -- systemd journalctl [...] [...] journalctl , systemd-journald.service(8) systemd-journal-remote.service(8). , , , , . , . <<=>>. : <<_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service>> -- . systemd.journal-fields(7). , , , . , , , - . , <<+>> - . , ' ( ). . , . , <<_EXE=>> . , <<_COMM=>> . , <<_KERNEL_DEVICE=>> -. , , . , , , , , . , ' , , , , . ' , , , , , , . --boot, --unit= ( ). , , , , , . , , --header. , --user, --system, --directory --file, . . . , , root , . <>, <> <> . , , . <> . , less, <<>> . . , . --no-pager <<>> . : ERROR ; WARNING ; NOTICE ; INFO ; DEBUG . , . , systemd ' , . systemd-journald.service(8). , systemd-cat(1) . , : --system, --user ( --system). ( --user). , , . --user --unit=. . --unit=. , --user , Storage= journald.conf(5). 205. -M, --machine= . , '. 209. -m, --merge , . 190. -D DIR, --directory= . , journalctl . 187. --file= . , journalctl , . . , . 205. --root= . , journalctl , (, --update-catalog /var/lib/systemd/catalog/database /run/journal/ /var/log/journal/). 201. --image= . , journalctl . --root=, , , . , GPT, [6]. systemd-nspawn(1) . 247. --image-policy= , systemd.image-policy(7). , --image=, . . , <<*>>, . --namespace=_ , , . , , . , . <<*>>, , . <<+>>, , , . systemd-journald.service(8). 245. , : -S, --since=, -U, --until= , . <<2012-10-30 18:17:16>>. , <<00:00:00>>. , <<:00>>. , . , <>, <>, <>, 00:00:00 , , . <> . , <<->> <<+>>, , . systemd.time(7). , --output=short-full , . 195. -c, --cursor= , . 193. --after-cursor= , . , --show-cursor. 206. --cursor-file= , . , . , . journalctl. 242. -b [[ID][+-]|all], --boot[=[][+-]|all] . <<_BOOT_ID=>>. . . , , , . , 1 , 2 -- ; -0 , -1 , . -0, , (, --directory '). 32- , , . ' , -- . , , , , . all -b. 186. -u, --unit=| systemd ( ) - , . , , , . (<<_SYSTEMD_UNIT=>>), systemd . <<_SYSTEMD_SLICE=>>, , systemd.slice(5), . --user --unit= , , --user-unit=. . 195. --user-unit= . (<<_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=>> <<_UID=>>) systemd . <<_SYSTEMD_USER_SLICE=>>, , systemd.slice(5), . . 198. -t, --identifier=_SYSLOG syslog SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER. . 217. -p, --priority= . ( 0/<> 7/<>), ... syslog, syslog(3), <> (0), <> (1), <> (2), <> (3), <> (4), <> (5), <> (6), <> (7). , (, ). , , . <> . 188. --facility= syslog. . syslog, syslog(3). --facility=help. 245. -g, --grep= , MESSAGE= . PERL , . pcre2pattern(3), . , . , . --case-sensitive, . . --lines= ( <<+>>), --reverse. 237. --case-sensitive[=_] . 237. -k, --dmesg . -b <<_TRANSPORT=kernel>>. 205. , : -o, --output= , . : short -- , , . 206. short-full , , --since= --until=. , short, , , . 232. short-iso , RFC 3339[2] ISO 8601. 206. short-iso-precise , short-iso, . 234. short-precise , syslog . 207. short-monotonic , . 206. short-delta short-monotonic, . "*". 252. short-unix , , 1- 1970 UTC, (<< UNIX>>). . 230. verbose . 206. export ( ) , (. [3], ). journald, systemd-journal-remote(8). 206. json , ' JSON, (. JSON [4], ). , , JSON : 1. 4096 null-. ( --all, ' JSON.) 2. . JSON '. , , JSON, . 3. , UTF8, , , , . , ( ). 206. json-pretty JSON, , . 206. json-sse JSON, , , [5]. 206. json-seq JSON, ASCII (0x1E) ASCII (0x0A), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)[6] ("application/json-seq"). 240. cat , , . --output-fields=, , . 206. with-unit short-full, syslog. , , . 239. --truncate-newline , . 254. --output-fields= , . , (verbose, export, json, json-pretty, json-sse json-seq), cat. , <<__CURSOR>>, <<__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP>>, <<__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP>> <<_BOOT_ID>>. 236. -n, --lines= . <> . , <<+>>, . , , 10. --follow, . <<+>> --grep=, --reverse. -r, --reverse , . 198. --show-cursor : -- : s=0639... , . 209. --utc (UTC). 217. -x, --catalog . , . , , , . , , . , , [7]. : journalctl , -x. 196. --no-hostname , . short (. ). : , . 230. --no-full, --full, -l , . , . -l/--full , --no-full. 196. -a, --all , . , << >>. (, .) -f, --follow , ' . --no-tail , . --lines=. -q, --quiet ( <<-- Journal begins at ...>>, <<-- Reboot -->>), . : --no-pager . -e, --pager-end . -n1000, , . -n . -nall . , less(1). 198. FORWARD SECURE SEALING (FSS) --setup-keys, : --interval= FSS --setup-keys. , . 15 . 189. --verify-key= FSS, --verify. 189. --force --setup-keys Forward Secure Sealing (FSS), FSS. 206. . , . -N, --fields , . 229. -F, --field= , . 195. --list-boots ( ), , . 209. --disk-usage . . 190. --vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time=, --vacuum-files= --vacuum-size= , , , . <>, <>, <> <> ( 1024). --vacuum-time= , . <> (), <>, <>, <>, <>, <> <>, . systemd.time(7), . --vacuum-files= . , --vacuum-size= --disk-usage, , . , --vacuum-files= , . --vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time= --vacuum-files= - , . , . --rotate. , , . (, , ), , , , . 218. --verify . FSS FSS --verify-key=, . 189. --sync . . , - , , . 228. --relinquish-var --flush: , /run/log/journal/ /var/log/journal/. --flush /var/log/journal/, . . 243. --smart-relinquish-var --relinquish-var, , /var/log/journal/ . /var/log/journal/ , , . 243. --flush , /run/log/journal/ /var/log/journal/, . , . , : /run/log/journal/ /var/log/journal/ ( . --relinquish-var ) - , . , /var/log/journal/ . 217. --rotate . , . , . () . --vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time= --vacuum-file= , . . 227. --header , . , , , ', , ' . 187. --list-catalog [128--...] . - 128--, . 196. --dump-catalog [128--...] , ( , .catalog). - 128--, . 199. --update-catalog . , . 196. --setup-keys , Forward Secure Sealing (FSS). . , . . Seal= journald.conf(5), Forward Secure Sealing , . 189. -h, --help . --version . , 0; , . $SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL ( , , ). ( ): emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug, 0...7. . syslog(3), . $SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR . , , , . , , journalctl(1) . $SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME . , . , , journalctl(1) . $SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION , , . , . , . $SYSTEMD_LOG_TID , (TID). , . , . $SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET . : console ( ), console-prefixed ( , , <<>>, . syslog(3), kmsg ( ), journal ( ), journal-or-kmsg ( , , kmsg, ), auto ( , ), null ( ). $SYSTEMD_LOG_RATELIMIT_KMSG , kmsg. . <>. , systemd , kmsg. $SYSTEMD_PAGER , , --no-pager; $PAGER. $SYSTEMD_PAGER, $PAGER, , less(1) more(1), . , . <> --no-pager. : $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE, $SYSTEMD_PAGER ( $PAGER). $SYSTEMD_LESS , less (, <>). , , : K , Ctrl+C. less Ctrl+C , . $SYSTEMD_LESS <>, less, Ctrl+C -- . X termcap . , , . , , . . less(1), . $SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET , less ( <>, UTF-8). $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE . , <<>> ; , . $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE , , UID , . geteuid(2) sd_pid_get_owner_uid(3). LESSSECURE=1 , , . $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE , , , . ( less(1).) : , , sudo(8) pkexec(1), , . <<>> , . SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0 , . , $SYSTEMD_PAGER $PAGER , $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE. , , , --no-pager. $SYSTEMD_COLORS . , systemd ' . , . , : <<16>>, <<256>>, 16 256 ANSI, . $TERM , ' . $SYSTEMD_URLIFY . , , . , systemd $TERM . : journalctl , : journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service journalctl _SYSTEMD_CGROUP=/user.slice/user-42.slice/session-c1.scope , , : journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 , , : journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service <<+>> . Avahi PID 28097 D-Bus ( - ): journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service , , -u/--unit=. journalctl -u , : _SYSTEMD_UNIT=.service + UNIT=.service _PID=1 + OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT=.service _UID=0 + COREDUMP_UNIT=.service _UID=0 MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1 (. systemd.journal-fields(7), ). , D-Bus: journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon : journalctl -k -b -1 apache.service: journalctl -f -u apache . systemd(1), systemd-cat(1), systemd-journald.service(8), systemctl(1), coredumpctl(1), systemd.journal-fields(7), journald.conf(5), systemd.time(7), systemd-journal-remote.service(8), systemd-journal-upload.service(8) 1. https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification 2. RFC 3339 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339 3. https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS#journal-export-format 4. JSON https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS#journal-json-format 5. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events 6. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7464 7. https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog lxlalexlxl Yuri Chornoivan ; , GNU General Public License Version 3 . . , , : . systemd 255 JOURNALCTL(1)