'\" t
.TH "IMPORTCTL" "1" "" "systemd 256.7" "importctl"
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.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
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.el       .ds Aq '
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.\" disable hyphenation
.nh
.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
.ad l
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.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.SH "NAME"
importctl \- Download, import or export disk images
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.HP \w'\fBimportctl\fR\ 'u
\fBimportctl\fR [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND} [NAME...]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
\fBimportctl\fR
may be used to download, import, and export disk images via
\fBsystemd-importd.service\fR(8)\&.
.PP
\fBimportctl\fR
operates both on block\-level disk images (such as DDIs) as well as file\-system\-level images (tarballs)\&. It supports disk images are one of the four following classes:
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
VM images or full OS container images, that may be run via
\fBsystemd-vmspawn\fR(1)
or
\fBsystemd-nspawn\fR(1), and managed via
\fBmachinectl\fR(1)\&.
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
Portable service images, that may be attached an managed via
\fBportablectl\fR(1)\&.
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
System extension (sysext) images, that may be activated via
\fBsystemd-sysext\fR(8)\&.
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
Configuration extension (confext) images, that may be activated via
\fBsystemd-confext\fR(8)\&.
.RE
.PP
When images are downloaded or imported they are placed in the following directories, depending on the
\fB\-\-class=\fR
parameter:
.sp
.it 1 an-trap
.nr an-no-space-flag 1
.nr an-break-flag 1
.br
.B Table\ \&1.\ \&Classes and Directories
.TS
allbox tab(:);
lB lB.
T{
Class
T}:T{
Directory
T}
.T&
l l
l l
l l
l l.
T{
"machine"
T}:T{
/var/lib/machines/
T}
T{
"portable"
T}:T{
/var/lib/portables/
T}
T{
"sysext"
T}:T{
/var/lib/extensions/
T}
T{
"confext"
T}:T{
/var/lib/confexts/
T}
.TE
.sp 1
.SH "COMMANDS"
.PP
The following commands are understood:
.PP
\fBpull\-tar\fR \fIURL\fR [\fINAME\fR]
.RS 4
Downloads a
\&.tar
image from the specified URL, and makes it available under the specified local name in the image directory for the selected
\fB\-\-class=\fR\&. The URL must be of type
"http://"
or
"https://", and must refer to a
\&.tar,
\&.tar\&.gz,
\&.tar\&.xz
or
\&.tar\&.bz2
archive file\&. If the local image name is omitted, it is automatically derived from the last component of the URL, with its suffix removed\&.
.sp
The image is verified before it is made available, unless
\fB\-\-verify=no\fR
is specified\&. Verification is done either via an inline signed file with the name of the image and the suffix
\&.sha256
or via separate
SHA256SUMS
and
SHA256SUMS\&.gpg
files\&. The signature files need to be made available on the same web server, under the same URL as the
\&.tar
file\&. With
\fB\-\-verify=checksum\fR, only the SHA256 checksum for the file is verified, based on the
\&.sha256
suffixed file or the
SHA256SUMS
file\&. With
\fB\-\-verify=signature\fR, the sha checksum file is first verified with the inline signature in the
\&.sha256
file or the detached GPG signature file
SHA256SUMS\&.gpg\&. The public key for this verification step needs to be available in
/usr/lib/systemd/import\-pubring\&.gpg
or
/etc/systemd/import\-pubring\&.gpg\&.
.sp
If
\fB\-keep\-download=yes\fR
is specified the image will be downloaded and stored in a read\-only subvolume/directory in the image directory that is named after the specified URL and its HTTP etag\&. A writable snapshot is then taken from this subvolume, and named after the specified local name\&. This behavior ensures that creating multiple instances of the same URL is efficient, as multiple downloads are not necessary\&. In order to create only the read\-only image, and avoid creating its writable snapshot, specify
"\-"
as local name\&.
.sp
Note that pressing C\-c during execution of this command will not abort the download\&. Use
\fBcancel\-transfer\fR, described below\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBpull\-raw\fR \fIURL\fR [\fINAME\fR]
.RS 4
Downloads a
\&.raw
disk image from the specified URL, and makes it available under the specified local name in the image directory for the selected
\fB\-\-class=\fR\&. The URL must be of type
"http://"
or
"https://"\&. The image must either be a
\&.qcow2
or raw disk image, optionally compressed as
\&.gz,
\&.xz, or
\&.bz2\&. If the local name is omitted, it is automatically derived from the last component of the URL, with its suffix removed\&.
.sp
Image verification is identical for raw and tar images (see above)\&.
.sp
If the downloaded image is in
\&.qcow2
format it is converted into a raw image file before it is made available\&.
.sp
If
\fB\-keep\-download=yes\fR
is specified the image will be downloaded and stored in a read\-only file in the image directory that is named after the specified URL and its HTTP etag\&. A writable copy is then made from this file, and named after the specified local name\&. This behavior ensures that creating multiple instances of the same URL is efficient, as multiple downloads are not necessary\&. In order to create only the read\-only image, and avoid creating its writable copy, specify
"\-"
as local name\&.
.sp
Note that pressing C\-c during execution of this command will not abort the download\&. Use
\fBcancel\-transfer\fR, described below\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBimport\-tar\fR \fIFILE\fR [\fINAME\fR], \fBimport\-raw\fR \fIFILE\fR [\fINAME\fR]
.RS 4
Imports a TAR or RAW image, and places it under the specified name in the image directory for the image class selected via
\fB\-\-class=\fR\&. When
\fBimport\-tar\fR
is used, the file specified as the first argument should be a tar archive, possibly compressed with xz, gzip or bzip2\&. It will then be unpacked into its own subvolume/directory\&. When
\fBimport\-raw\fR
is used, the file should be a qcow2 or raw disk image, possibly compressed with xz, gzip or bzip2\&. If the second argument (the resulting image name) is not specified, it is automatically derived from the file name\&. If the filename is passed as
"\-", the image is read from standard input, in which case the second argument is mandatory\&.
.sp
No cryptographic validation is done when importing the images\&.
.sp
Much like image downloads, ongoing imports may be listed with
\fBlist\fR
and aborted with
\fBcancel\-transfer\fR\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBimport\-fs\fR \fIDIRECTORY\fR [\fINAME\fR]
.RS 4
Imports an image stored in a local directory into the image directory for the image class selected via
\fB\-\-class=\fR
and operates similarly to
\fBimport\-tar\fR
or
\fBimport\-raw\fR, but the first argument is the source directory\&. If supported, this command will create a btrfs snapshot or subvolume for the new image\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBexport\-tar\fR \fINAME\fR [\fIFILE\fR], \fBexport\-raw\fR \fINAME\fR [\fIFILE\fR]
.RS 4
Exports a TAR or RAW image and stores it in the specified file\&. The first parameter should be an image name\&. The second parameter should be a file path the TAR or RAW image is written to\&. If the path ends in
"\&.gz", the file is compressed with gzip, if it ends in
"\&.xz", with xz, and if it ends in
"\&.bz2", with bzip2\&. If the path ends in neither, the file is left uncompressed\&. If the second argument is missing, the image is written to standard output\&. The compression may also be explicitly selected with the
\fB\-\-format=\fR
switch\&. This is in particular useful if the second parameter is left unspecified\&.
.sp
Much like image downloads and imports, ongoing exports may be listed with
\fBlist\fR
and aborted with
\fBcancel\-transfer\fR\&.
.sp
Note that, currently, only directory and subvolume images may be exported as TAR images, and only raw disk images as RAW images\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBlist\-transfer\fR
.RS 4
Shows a list of image downloads, imports and exports that are currently in progress\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBcancel\-transfer\fR \fIID\fR\&...
.RS 4
Aborts a download, import or export of the image with the specified ID\&. To list ongoing transfers and their IDs, use
\fBlist\fR\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBlist\-images\fR
.RS 4
Shows a list of already downloaded/imported images\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.SH "OPTIONS"
.PP
The following options are understood:
.PP
\fB\-\-read\-only\fR
.RS 4
When used with
\fBpull\-raw\fR,
\fBpull\-tar\fR,
\fBimport\-raw\fR,
\fBimport\-tar\fR
or
\fBimport\-fs\fR
a read\-only image is created\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-verify=\fR
.RS 4
When downloading an image, specify whether the image shall be verified before it is made available\&. Takes one of
"no",
"checksum"
and
"signature"\&. If
"no", no verification is done\&. If
"checksum"
is specified, the download is checked for integrity after the transfer is complete, but no signatures are verified\&. If
"signature"
is specified, the checksum is verified and the image\*(Aqs signature is checked against a local keyring of trustable vendors\&. It is strongly recommended to set this option to
"signature"
if the server and protocol support this\&. Defaults to
"signature"\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-force\fR
.RS 4
When downloading an image, and a local copy by the specified local name already exists, delete it first and replace it by the newly downloaded image\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-format=\fR
.RS 4
When used with the
\fBexport\-tar\fR
or
\fBexport\-raw\fR
commands, specifies the compression format to use for the resulting file\&. Takes one of
"uncompressed",
"xz",
"gzip",
"bzip2"\&. By default, the format is determined automatically from the output image file name passed\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
.RS 4
Suppresses additional informational output while running\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-host=\fR
.RS 4
Execute the operation remotely\&. Specify a hostname, or a username and hostname separated by
"@", to connect to\&. The hostname may optionally be suffixed by a port ssh is listening on, separated by
":", and then a container name, separated by
"/", which connects directly to a specific container on the specified host\&. This will use SSH to talk to the remote machine manager instance\&. Container names may be enumerated with
\fBmachinectl \-H \fR\fB\fIHOST\fR\fR\&. Put IPv6 addresses in brackets\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-machine=\fR
.RS 4
Connect to
\fBsystemd-import.service\fR(8)
running in a local container, to perform the specified operation within the container\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-class=\fR, \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-P\fR, \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-C\fR
.RS 4
Selects the image class for the downloaded images\&. This primarily selects the directory to download into\&. The
\fB\-\-class=\fR
switch takes
"machine",
"portable",
"sysext"
or
"confext"
as argument\&. The short options
\fB\-m\fR,
\fB\-P\fR,
\fB\-S\fR,
\fB\-C\fR
are shortcuts for
\fB\-\-class=machine\fR,
\fB\-\-class=portable\fR,
\fB\-\-class=sysext\fR,
\fB\-\-class=confext\fR\&.
.sp
Note that
\fB\-\-keep\-download=\fR
defaults to true for
\fB\-\-class=machine\fR
and false otherwise, see below\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-keep\-download=\fR, \fB\-N\fR
.RS 4
Takes a boolean argument\&. When specified with
\fBpull\-raw\fR
or
\fBpull\-tar\fR, selects whether to download directly into the specified local image name, or whether to download into a read\-only copy first of which to make a writable copy after the download is completed\&. Defaults to true for
\fB\-\-class=machine\fR, false otherwise\&.
.sp
The
\fB\-N\fR
switch is a shortcut for
\fB\-\-keep\-download=no\fR\&.
.sp
Added in version 256\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-json=\fR\fB\fIMODE\fR\fR
.RS 4
Shows output formatted as JSON\&. Expects one of
"short"
(for the shortest possible output without any redundant whitespace or line breaks),
"pretty"
(for a pretty version of the same, with indentation and line breaks) or
"off"
(to turn off JSON output, the default)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-j\fR
.RS 4
Equivalent to
\fB\-\-json=pretty\fR
if running on a terminal, and
\fB\-\-json=short\fR
otherwise\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-no\-pager\fR
.RS 4
Do not pipe output into a pager\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-no\-legend\fR
.RS 4
Do not print the legend, i\&.e\&. column headers and the footer with hints\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-no\-ask\-password\fR
.RS 4
Do not query the user for authentication for privileged operations\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
.RS 4
Print a short help text and exit\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-version\fR
.RS 4
Print a short version string and exit\&.
.RE
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.PP
\fBExample\ \&1.\ \&Download an Ubuntu TAR image and open a shell in it\fR
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
# importctl pull\-tar \-mN https://cloud\-images\&.ubuntu\&.com/jammy/current/jammy\-server\-cloudimg\-amd64\-root\&.tar\&.xz
# systemd\-nspawn \-M jammy\-server\-cloudimg\-amd64\-root
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.PP
This downloads and verifies the specified
\&.tar
image, and then uses
\fBsystemd-nspawn\fR(1)
to open a shell in it\&.
.PP
\fBExample\ \&2.\ \&Download an Ubuntu RAW image, set a root password in it, start it as a service\fR
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
# importctl pull\-raw \-mN \e
      https://cloud\-images\&.ubuntu\&.com/jammy/current/jammy\-server\-cloudimg\-amd64\-disk\-kvm\&.img \e
      jammy
# systemd\-firstboot \-\-image=/var/lib/machines/jammy\&.raw \-\-prompt\-root\-password \-\-force
# machinectl start jammy
# machinectl login jammy
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.PP
This downloads the specified
\&.raw
image and makes it available under the local name
"jammy"\&. Then, a root password is set with
\fBsystemd-firstboot\fR(1)\&. Afterwards the machine is started as system service\&. With the last command a login prompt into the container is requested\&.
.PP
\fBExample\ \&3.\ \&Exports a container image as tar file\fR
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
# importctl export\-tar \-m fedora myfedora\&.tar\&.xz
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.PP
Exports the container
"fedora"
as an xz\-compressed tar file
myfedora\&.tar\&.xz
into the current directory\&.
.SH "EXIT STATUS"
.PP
On success, 0 is returned, a non\-zero failure code otherwise\&.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL\fR
.RS 4
The maximum log level of emitted messages (messages with a higher log level, i\&.e\&. less important ones, will be suppressed)\&. Takes a comma\-separated list of values\&. A value may be either one of (in order of decreasing importance)
\fBemerg\fR,
\fBalert\fR,
\fBcrit\fR,
\fBerr\fR,
\fBwarning\fR,
\fBnotice\fR,
\fBinfo\fR,
\fBdebug\fR, or an integer in the range 0\&...7\&. See
\fBsyslog\fR(3)
for more information\&. Each value may optionally be prefixed with one of
\fBconsole\fR,
\fBsyslog\fR,
\fBkmsg\fR
or
\fBjournal\fR
followed by a colon to set the maximum log level for that specific log target (e\&.g\&.
\fBSYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug,console:info\fR
specifies to log at debug level except when logging to the console which should be at info level)\&. Note that the global maximum log level takes priority over any per target maximum log levels\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR\fR
.RS 4
A boolean\&. If true, messages written to the tty will be colored according to priority\&.
.sp
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal, because
\fBjournalctl\fR(1)
and other tools that display logs will color messages based on the log level on their own\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME\fR
.RS 4
A boolean\&. If true, console log messages will be prefixed with a timestamp\&.
.sp
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal or a file, because
\fBjournalctl\fR(1)
and other tools that display logs will attach timestamps based on the entry metadata on their own\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION\fR
.RS 4
A boolean\&. If true, messages will be prefixed with a filename and line number in the source code where the message originates\&.
.sp
Note that the log location is often attached as metadata to journal entries anyway\&. Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when debugging programs\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_TID\fR
.RS 4
A boolean\&. If true, messages will be prefixed with the current numerical thread ID (TID)\&.
.sp
Note that the this information is attached as metadata to journal entries anyway\&. Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when debugging programs\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET\fR
.RS 4
The destination for log messages\&. One of
\fBconsole\fR
(log to the attached tty),
\fBconsole\-prefixed\fR
(log to the attached tty but with prefixes encoding the log level and "facility", see
\fBsyslog\fR(3),
\fBkmsg\fR
(log to the kernel circular log buffer),
\fBjournal\fR
(log to the journal),
\fBjournal\-or\-kmsg\fR
(log to the journal if available, and to kmsg otherwise),
\fBauto\fR
(determine the appropriate log target automatically, the default),
\fBnull\fR
(disable log output)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LOG_RATELIMIT_KMSG\fR
.RS 4
Whether to ratelimit kmsg or not\&. Takes a boolean\&. Defaults to
"true"\&. If disabled, systemd will not ratelimit messages written to kmsg\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGER\fR
.RS 4
Pager to use when
\fB\-\-no\-pager\fR
is not given; overrides
\fI$PAGER\fR\&. If neither
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGER\fR
nor
\fI$PAGER\fR
are set, a set of well\-known pager implementations are tried in turn, including
\fBless\fR(1)
and
\fBmore\fR(1), until one is found\&. If no pager implementation is discovered no pager is invoked\&. Setting this environment variable to an empty string or the value
"cat"
is equivalent to passing
\fB\-\-no\-pager\fR\&.
.sp
Note: if
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
is not set,
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGER\fR
(as well as
\fI$PAGER\fR) will be silently ignored\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LESS\fR
.RS 4
Override the options passed to
\fBless\fR
(by default
"FRSXMK")\&.
.sp
Users might want to change two options in particular:
.PP
\fBK\fR
.RS 4
This option instructs the pager to exit immediately when
Ctrl+C
is pressed\&. To allow
\fBless\fR
to handle
Ctrl+C
itself to switch back to the pager command prompt, unset this option\&.
.sp
If the value of
\fI$SYSTEMD_LESS\fR
does not include
"K", and the pager that is invoked is
\fBless\fR,
Ctrl+C
will be ignored by the executable, and needs to be handled by the pager\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBX\fR
.RS 4
This option instructs the pager to not send termcap initialization and deinitialization strings to the terminal\&. It is set by default to allow command output to remain visible in the terminal even after the pager exits\&. Nevertheless, this prevents some pager functionality from working, in particular paged output cannot be scrolled with the mouse\&.
.RE
.sp
Note that setting the regular
\fI$LESS\fR
environment variable has no effect for
\fBless\fR
invocations by systemd tools\&.
.sp
See
\fBless\fR(1)
for more discussion\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET\fR
.RS 4
Override the charset passed to
\fBless\fR
(by default
"utf\-8", if the invoking terminal is determined to be UTF\-8 compatible)\&.
.sp
Note that setting the regular
\fI$LESSCHARSET\fR
environment variable has no effect for
\fBless\fR
invocations by systemd tools\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
.RS 4
Takes a boolean argument\&. When true, the "secure" mode of the pager is enabled; if false, disabled\&. If
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
is not set at all, secure mode is enabled if the effective UID is not the same as the owner of the login session, see
\fBgeteuid\fR(2)
and
\fBsd_pid_get_owner_uid\fR(3)\&. In secure mode,
\fBLESSSECURE=1\fR
will be set when invoking the pager, and the pager shall disable commands that open or create new files or start new subprocesses\&. When
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
is not set at all, pagers which are not known to implement secure mode will not be used\&. (Currently only
\fBless\fR(1)
implements secure mode\&.)
.sp
Note: when commands are invoked with elevated privileges, for example under
\fBsudo\fR(8)
or
\fBpkexec\fR(1), care must be taken to ensure that unintended interactive features are not enabled\&. "Secure" mode for the pager may be enabled automatically as describe above\&. Setting
\fISYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0\fR
or not removing it from the inherited environment allows the user to invoke arbitrary commands\&. Note that if the
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGER\fR
or
\fI$PAGER\fR
variables are to be honoured,
\fI$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE\fR
must be set too\&. It might be reasonable to completely disable the pager using
\fB\-\-no\-pager\fR
instead\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_COLORS\fR
.RS 4
Takes a boolean argument\&. When true,
\fBsystemd\fR
and related utilities will use colors in their output, otherwise the output will be monochrome\&. Additionally, the variable can take one of the following special values:
"16",
"256"
to restrict the use of colors to the base 16 or 256 ANSI colors, respectively\&. This can be specified to override the automatic decision based on
\fI$TERM\fR
and what the console is connected to\&.
.RE
.PP
\fI$SYSTEMD_URLIFY\fR
.RS 4
The value must be a boolean\&. Controls whether clickable links should be generated in the output for terminal emulators supporting this\&. This can be specified to override the decision that
\fBsystemd\fR
makes based on
\fI$TERM\fR
and other conditions\&.
.RE
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.PP
\fBsystemd\fR(1), \fBsystemd-importd.service\fR(8), \fBsystemd-nspawn\fR(1), \fBsystemd-vmspawn\fR(1), \fBmachinectl\fR(1), \fBportablectl\fR(1), \fBsystemd-sysext\fR(8), \fBsystemd-confext\fR(8), \fBtar\fR(1), \fBxz\fR(1), \fBgzip\fR(1), \fBbzip2\fR(1)