ADVANCED

Declarative hash, array, and objects builders are available that allow you to generate specifications. These are more verbose than simply providing a hash, but have the advantage that every component you specify has a line number associated. This is helpful for debugging as the failure output will tell you not only which fields was incorrect, but also the line on which you declared the field.

use Test2::Tools::Compare qw{
    is like isnt unlike
    match mismatch validator
    hash array bag object meta number float rounded within string subset bool
    in_set not_in_set check_set
    item field call call_list call_hash prop check all_items all_keys all_vals all_values
    etc end filter_items
    T F D DF E DNE FDNE U L
    event fail_events
    exact_ref
};
is(
    $some_hash,
    hash {
        field a => 1;
        field b => 2;
        field c => 3;
    },
    "Hash matches spec"
);

QUICK CHECKS

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

Quick checks are a way to quickly generate a common value specification. These can be used in structures passed into "is" and "like" through the $expect argument.

Example:

is($foo, T(), '$foo has a true value');

$check = T()

This verifies that the value in the corresponding $got structure is true, any true value will do.

is($foo, T(), '$foo has a true value');
is(
    { a => 'xxx' },
    { a => T() },
    "The 'a' key is true"
);

$check = F()

This verifies that the value in the corresponding $got structure is false, any false value will do, but the value must exist.

is($foo, F(), '$foo has a false value');
is(
    { a => 0 },
    { a => F() },
    "The 'a' key is false"
);

It is important to note that a nonexistent value does not count as false. This check will generate a failing test result:

is(
    { a => 1 },
    { a => 1, b => F() },
    "The 'b' key is false"
);

This will produce the following output:

not ok 1 - The b key is false
# Failed test "The 'b' key is false"
# at some_file.t line 10.
# +------+------------------+-------+---------+
# | PATH | GOT              | OP    | CHECK   |
# +------+------------------+-------+---------+
# | {b}  | <DOES NOT EXIST> | FALSE | FALSE() |
# +------+------------------+-------+---------+

In Perl, you can have behavior that is different for a missing key vs. a false key, so it was decided not to count a completely absent value as false. See the DNE() shortcut below for checking that a field is missing.

If you want to check for false and/or DNE use the FDNE() check.

$check = D()

This is to verify that the value in the $got structure is defined. Any value other than "undef" will pass.

This will pass:

is('foo', D(), 'foo is defined');

This will fail:

is(undef, D(), 'foo is defined');

$check = U()

This is to verify that the value in the $got structure is undefined.

This will pass:

is(undef, U(), 'not defined');

This will fail:

is('foo', U(), 'not defined');

$check = DF()

This is to verify that the value in the $got structure is defined but false. Any false value other than "undef" will pass.

This will pass:

is(0, DF(), 'foo is defined but false');

These will fail:

is(undef, DF(), 'foo is defined but false');
is(1, DF(), 'foo is defined but false');

$check = E()

This can be used to check that a value exists. This is useful to check that an array has more values, or to check that a key exists in a hash, even if the value is undefined.

These pass:

is(['a', 'b', undef], ['a', 'b', E()], "There is a third item in the array");
is({a => 1, b => 2}, {a => 1, b => E()}, "The 'b' key exists in the hash");

These will fail:

is(['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', E()], "Third item exists");
is({a => 1}, {a => 1, b => E()}, "'b' key exists");

$check = DNE()

This can be used to check that no value exists. This is useful to check the end bound of an array, or to check that a key does not exist in a hash.

These pass:

is(['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', DNE()], "There is no third item in the array");
is({a => 1}, {a => 1, b => DNE()}, "The 'b' key does not exist in the hash");

These will fail:

is(['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b', DNE()], "No third item");
is({a => 1, b => 2}, {a => 1, b => DNE()}, "No 'b' key");

$check = FDNE()

This is a combination of F() and DNE(). This will pass for a false value, or a nonexistent value.

$check = L()

This is to verify that the value in the $got structure is defined and has length. Any value other than "undef" or the empty string will pass (including references).

These will pass:

is('foo', L(), 'value is defined and has length');
is([],    L(), 'value is defined and has length');

These will fail:

is(undef, L(), 'value is defined and has length');
is('',    L(), 'value is defined and has length');

VALUE SPECIFICATIONS

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

$check = string "..."

Verify that the value matches the given string using the "eq" operator.

$check = !string "..."

Verify that the value does not match the given string using the "ne" operator.

$check = number ...;

Verify that the value matches the given number using the "==" operator.

$check = !number ...;

Verify that the value does not match the given number using the "!=" operator.

$check = number_lt ...;

$check = number_le ...;

$check = number_ge ...;

$check = number_gt ...;

Verify that the value is less than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, or greater than the given number.

$check = float ...;

Verify that the value is approximately equal to the given number.

If a 'precision' parameter is specified, both operands will be rounded to 'precision' number of fractional decimal digits and compared with "eq".

is($near_val, float($val, precision => 4), "Near 4 decimal digits");

Otherwise, the check will be made within a range of +/- 'tolerance', with a default 'tolerance' of 1e-08.

is( $near_val, float($val, tolerance => 0.01), "Almost there...");

See also "within" and "rounded".

$check = !float ...;

Verify that the value is not approximately equal to the given number.

If a 'precision' parameter is specified, both operands will be rounded to 'precision' number of fractional decimal digits and compared with "eq".

Otherwise, the check will be made within a range of +/- 'tolerance', with a default 'tolerance' of 1e-08.

See also "!within" and "!rounded".

$check = within($num, $tolerance);

Verify that the value approximately matches the given number, within a range of +/- $tolerance. Compared using the "==" operator.

$tolerance is optional and defaults to 1e-08.

$check = !within($num, $tolerance);

Verify that the value does not approximately match the given number within a range of +/- $tolerance. Compared using the "!=" operator.

$tolerance is optional and defaults to 1e-08.

$check = rounded($num, $precision);

Verify that the value approximately matches the given number, when both are rounded to $precision number of fractional digits. Compared using the "eq" operator.

$check = !rounded($num, $precision);

Verify that the value does not approximately match the given number, when both are rounded to $precision number of fractional digits. Compared using the "ne" operator.

$check = bool ...;

Verify the value has the same boolean value as the given argument (XNOR).

$check = !bool ...;

Verify the value has a different boolean value from the given argument (XOR).

$check = check_isa ...;

Verify the value is an instance of the given class name.

$check = !check_isa ...;

Verify the value is not an instance of the given class name.

$check = match qr/.../

$check = !mismatch qr/.../

Verify that the value matches the regex pattern. This form of pattern check will NOT stringify references being checked.

Note: "!mismatch()" is documented for completion, please do not use it.

$check = !match qr/.../

$check = mismatch qr/.../

Verify that the value does not match the regex pattern. This form of pattern check will NOT stringify references being checked.

Note: mismatch() was created before overloading of "!" for match() was a thing.

$check = validator(sub{ ... })

$check = validator($NAME => sub{ ... })

$check = validator($OP, $NAME, sub{ ... })

The coderef is the only required argument. The coderef should check that the value is what you expect and return a boolean true or false. Optionally, you can specify a name and operator that are used in diagnostics. They are also provided to the sub itself as named parameters.

Check the value using this sub. The sub gets the value in $_, and it receives the value and several other items as named parameters.

my $check = validator(sub {
    my %params = @_;
    # These both work:
    my $got = $_;
    my $got = $params{got};
    # Check if a value exists at all
    my $exists = $params{exists}
    # What $OP (if any) did we specify when creating the validator
    my $operator = $params{operator};
    # What name (if any) did we specify when creating the validator
    my $name = $params{name};
    ...
    return $bool;
}

$check = exact_ref($ref)

Check that the value is exactly the same reference as the one provided.

SET BUILDERS

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

my $check = check_set($check1, $check2, ...)

Check that the value matches ALL of the specified checks.

my $check = in_set($check1, $check2, ...)

Check that the value matches ONE OR MORE of the specified checks.

not_in_set($check1, $check2, ...)

Check that the value DOES NOT match ANY of the specified checks.

check $thing

Check that the value matches the specified thing.

HASH BUILDER

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

$check = hash {
    field foo => 1;
    field bar => 2;
    # Ensure the 'baz' keys does not even exist in the hash.
    field baz => DNE();
    # Ensure the key exists, but is set to undef
    field bat => undef;
    # Any check can be used
    field boo => $check;
    # Set checks that apply to all keys or values. Can be done multiple
    # times, and each call can define multiple checks, all will be run.
    all_vals match qr/a/, match qr/b/;    # All values must have an 'a' and a 'b'
    all_keys match qr/x/;                 # All keys must have an 'x'
    ...
    end(); # optional, enforces that no other keys are present.
};

$check = hash { ... }

This is used to define a hash check.

field $NAME => $VAL

field $NAME => $CHECK

Specify a field check. This will check the hash key specified by $NAME and ensure it matches the value in $VAL. You can put any valid check in $VAL, such as the result of another call to "array { ... }", DNE(), etc.

Note: This function can only be used inside a hash builder sub, and must be called in void context.

all_keys($CHECK1, $CHECK2, ...)

Add checks that apply to all keys. You can put this anywhere in the hash block, and can call it any number of times with any number of arguments.

all_vals($CHECK1, $CHECK2, ...)

all_values($CHECK1, $CHECK2, ...)

Add checks that apply to all values. You can put this anywhere in the hash block, and can call it any number of times with any number of arguments.

end()

Enforce that no keys are found in the hash other than those specified. This is essentially the "use strict" of a hash check. This can be used anywhere in the hash builder, though typically it is placed at the end.

etc()

Ignore any extra keys found in the hash. This is the opposite of end(). This can be used anywhere in the hash builder, though typically it is placed at the end.

DNE()

This is a handy check that can be used with field() to ensure that a field (D)oes (N)ot (E)xist.

field foo => DNE();

ARRAY BUILDER

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

$check = array {
    # Uses the next index, in this case index 0;
    item 'a';
    # Gets index 1 automatically
    item 'b';
    # Specify the index
    item 2 => 'c';
    # We skipped index 3, which means we don't care what it is.
    item 4 => 'e';
    # Gets index 5.
    item 'f';
    # Remove any REMAINING items that contain 0-9.
    filter_items { grep {!m/[0-9]/} @_ };
    # Set checks that apply to all items. Can be done multiple times, and
    # each call can define multiple checks, all will be run.
    all_items match qr/a/, match qr/b/;
    all_items match qr/x/;
    # Of the remaining items (after the filter is applied) the next one
    # (which is now index 6) should be 'g'.
    item 6 => 'g';
    item 7 => DNE; # Ensure index 7 does not exist.
    end(); # Ensure no other indexes exist.
};

$check = array { ... }

item $VAL

item $CHECK

item $IDX, $VAL

item $IDX, $CHECK

Add an expected item to the array. If $IDX is not specified it will automatically calculate it based on the last item added. You can skip indexes, which means you do not want them to be checked.

You can provide any value to check in $VAL, or you can provide any valid check object.

Note: Items MUST be added in order.

Note: This function can only be used inside an array, bag or subset builder sub, and must be called in void context.

filter_items { my @remaining = @_; ...; return @filtered }

This function adds a filter, all items remaining in the array from the point the filter is reached will be passed into the filter sub as arguments, the sub should return only the items that should be checked.

Note: This function can only be used inside an array builder sub, and must be called in void context.

all_items($CHECK1, $CHECK2, ...)

Add checks that apply to all items. You can put this anywhere in the array block, and can call it any number of times with any number of arguments.

end()

Enforce that there are no indexes after the last one specified. This will not force checking of skipped indexes.

etc()

Ignore any extra items found in the array. This is the opposite of end(). This can be used anywhere in the array builder, though typically it is placed at the end.

DNE()

This is a handy check that can be used with item() to ensure that an index (D)oes (N)ot (E)xist.

item 5 => DNE();

BAG BUILDER

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

$check = bag {
    item 'a';
    item 'b';
    end(); # Ensure no other elements exist.
};

A bag is like an array, but we don't care about the order of the items. In the example, $check would match both "['a','b']" and "['b','a']".

$check = bag { ... }

item $VAL

item $CHECK

Add an expected item to the bag.

You can provide any value to check in $VAL, or you can provide any valid check object.

Note: This function can only be used inside an array, bag or subset builder sub, and must be called in void context.

all_items($CHECK1, $CHECK2, ...)

Add checks that apply to all items. You can put this anywhere in the bag block, and can call it any number of times with any number of arguments.

end()

Enforce that there are no more items after the last one specified.

etc()

Ignore any extra items found in the array. This is the opposite of end(). This can be used anywhere in the bag builder, though typically it is placed at the end.

ORDERED SUBSET BUILDER

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

$check = subset {
    item 'a';
    item 'b';
    item 'c';
    # Doesn't matter if the array has 'd', the check will skip past any
    # unknown items until it finds the next one in our subset.
    item 'e';
    item 'f';
};

$check = subset { ... }

item $VAL

item $CHECK

Add an expected item to the subset.

You can provide any value to check in $VAL, or you can provide any valid check object.

Note: Items MUST be added in order.

Note: This function can only be used inside an array, bag or subset builder sub, and must be called in void context.

META BUILDER

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

my $check = meta {
    prop blessed => 'My::Module'; # Ensure value is blessed as our package
    prop reftype => 'HASH';       # Ensure value is a blessed hash
    prop isa     => 'My::Base';   # Ensure value is an instance of our class
    prop size    => 4;            # Check the number of hash keys
    prop this    => ...;          # Check the item itself
};

meta { ... }

meta_check { ... }

Build a meta check. If you are using Moose then the meta() function would conflict with the one exported by Moose, in such cases meta_check() is available. Neither is exported by default.

prop $NAME => $VAL

prop $NAME => $CHECK

Check the property specified by $name against the value or check.

Valid properties are:

OBJECT BUILDER

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

my $check = object {
    call foo => 1; # Call the 'foo' method, check the result.
    # Call the specified sub-ref as a method on the object, check the
    # result. This is useful for wrapping methods that return multiple
    # values.
    call sub { [ shift->get_list ] } => [...];
    # This can be used to ensure a method does not exist.
    call nope => DNE();
    # Check the hash key 'foo' of the underlying reference, this only works
    # on blessed hashes.
    field foo => 1;
    # Check the value of index 4 on the underlying reference, this only
    # works on blessed arrays.
    item 4 => 'foo';
    # Check the meta-property 'blessed' of the object.
    prop blessed => 'My::Module';
    # Check if the object is an instance of the specified class.
    prop isa => 'My::Base';
    # Ensure only the specified hash keys or array indexes are present in
    # the underlying hash. Has no effect on meta-property checks or method
    # checks.
    end();
};

$check = object { ... }

Specify an object check for use in comparisons.

call $METHOD_NAME => $RESULT

call $METHOD_NAME => $CHECK

call [$METHOD_NAME, @METHOD_ARGS] => $RESULT

call [$METHOD_NAME, @METHOD_ARGS] => $CHECK

call sub { ... }, $RESULT

call sub { ... }, $CHECK

Call the specified method (or coderef) and verify the result. If you pass an arrayref, the first element must be the method name, the others are the arguments it will be called with.

The coderef form is useful if you need to do something more complex.

my $ref = sub {
  local $SOME::GLOBAL::THING = 3;
  return [shift->get_values_for('thing')];
};
call $ref => ...;

call_list $METHOD_NAME => $RESULT

call_list $METHOD_NAME => $CHECK

call_list [$METHOD_NAME, @METHOD_ARGS] => $RESULT

call_list [$METHOD_NAME, @METHOD_ARGS] => $CHECK

call_list sub { ... }, $RESULT

call_list sub { ... }, $CHECK

Same as "call", but the method is invoked in list context, and the result is always an arrayref.

call_list get_items => [ ... ];

call_hash $METHOD_NAME => $RESULT

call_hash $METHOD_NAME => $CHECK

call_hash [$METHOD_NAME, @METHOD_ARGS] => $RESULT

call_hash [$METHOD_NAME, @METHOD_ARGS] => $CHECK

call_hash sub { ... }, $RESULT

call_hash sub { ... }, $CHECK

Same as "call", but the method is invoked in list context, and the result is always a hashref. This will warn if the method returns an odd number of values.

call_hash get_items => { ... };

field $NAME => $VAL

Works just like it does for hash checks.

item $VAL

item $IDX, $VAL

Works just like it does for array checks.

prop $NAME => $VAL

prop $NAME => $CHECK

Check the property specified by $name against the value or check.

Valid properties are:

DNE()

Can be used with "item", or "field" to ensure the hash field or array index does not exist. Can also be used with "call" to ensure a method does not exist.

end()

Turn on strict array/hash checking, ensuring that no extra keys/indexes are present.

etc()

Ignore any extra items found in the hash/array. This is the opposite of end(). This can be used anywhere in the builder, though typically it is placed at the end.

EVENT BUILDERS

Note: None of these are exported by default. You need to request them.

Check that we got an event of a specified type:

my $check = event 'Ok';

Check for details about the event:

my $check = event Ok => sub {
    # Check for a failure
    call pass => 0;
    # Effective pass after TODO/SKIP are accounted for.
    call effective_pass => 1;
    # Check the diagnostics
    call diag => [ match qr/Failed test foo/ ];
    # Check the file the event reports to
    prop file => 'foo.t';
    # Check the line number the event reports to
    prop line => '42';
    # You can check the todo/skip values as well:
    prop skip => 'broken';
    prop todo => 'fixme';
    # Thread-id and process-id where event was generated
    prop tid => 123;
    prop pid => 123;
};

You can also provide a fully qualified event package with the '+' prefix:

my $check = event '+My::Event' => sub { ... }

You can also provide a hashref instead of a sub to directly check hash values of the event:

my $check = event Ok => { pass => 1, ... };

USE IN OTHER BUILDERS

You can use these all in other builders, simply use them in void context to have their value(s) appended to the build.

my $check = array {
    event Ok => { ... };
    event Note => { ... };
    fail_events Ok => { pass => 0 };
    # Get a Diag for free.
};

SPECIFICS

$check = event $TYPE;

$check = event $TYPE => sub { ... };

$check = event $TYPE => { ... };

This works just like an object builder. In addition to supporting everything the object check supports, you also have to specify the event type, and many extra meta-properties are available.

Extra properties are:

@checks = fail_events $TYPE;

@checks = fail_events $TYPE => sub { ... };

@checks = fail_events $TYPE => { ... };

Just like event() documented above. The difference is that this produces two events, the one you specify, and a "Diag" after it. There are no extra checks in the Diag.

Use this to validate a simple failure where you do not want to be bothered with the default diagnostics. It only adds a single Diag check, so if your failure has custom diagnostics you will need to add checks for them.