使用指定的方法加密密码。

The available methods are SHA256, SHA512, YESCRYPT and NONE if your libc supports these methods.

提供的密码是已经加密了的

显示帮助信息并退出。

Apply changes in the CHROOT_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the CHROOT_DIR directory. Only absolute paths are supported. No SELINUX support.

使用指定次数的轮转来加密密码。

You can only use this option with crypt method: SHA256 SHA512 YESCRYPT

By default, the number of rounds for SHA256 or SHA512 is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in /etc/login.defs.

A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced for SHA256 and SHA512. The default number of rounds is 5000.

By default, the number of rounds for YESCRYPT is defined by the YESCRYPT_COST_FACTOR in /etc/login.defs.

A minimal value of 1 and a maximal value of 11 will be enforced for YESCRYPT. The default number of rounds is 5.

This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm is specified on the command line).

It can take one of these values: SHA256, SHA512 (default), YESCRYPT. See crypt(5) for recommendations.

Note: this only affects the generation of group passwords. The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration.

History: This variable is used by other programs, which may still default to unsafe algorithms such as DES. To avoid using unsafe algorithms, the variable should always be specified.

Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in /etc/group (with the same name, same password, and same GID).

默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。

此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。

如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。

注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。

When ENCRYPT_METHOD is set to SHA256 or SHA512, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line).

With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute force the password. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users.

If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000), which is orders of magnitude too low for modern hardware.

值必须在 1000 - 999,999,999 之间。

If only one of the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS or SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS values is set, then this value will be used.

If SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS > SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS, the highest value will be used.

Note: this only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration.

When ENCRYPT_METHOD is set to YESCRYPT, this defines the cost factor used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the cost factor is not specified on the command line).

With a high cost factor, it is more difficult to brute force the password. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users.

The value must be inside the 1-11 range.

Note: this only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration.

组账户信息。

安全组账户信息。

Shadow 密码套件配置。