X(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual X(7)
NAME
X - a portable, network-transparent window system
OVERVIEW
The X Window System is a network transparent window system which runs
on a wide range of computing and graphics machines. It should be
relatively straightforward to build the X.Org Foundation software
distribution on most ANSI C and POSIX compliant systems. Commercial
implementations are also available for a wide range of platforms.
The X.Org Foundation requests that the following names be used when
referring to this software:
X
X Window System
X Version 11
X Window System, Version 11
X11
X Window System is a trademark of The Open Group.
DESCRIPTION
X Window System servers run on computers with bitmap displays. The
server distributes user input to and accepts output requests from
various client programs through a variety of different interprocess
communication channels. Although the most common case is for the
client programs to be running on the same machine as the server,
clients can be run transparently from other machines (including
machines with different architectures and operating systems) as well.
X supports overlapping hierarchical subwindows and text and graphics
operations, on both monochrome and color displays. For a full
explanation of the functions that are available, see the Xlib - C
Language X Interface manual, the X Window System Protocol
specification, the X Toolkit Intrinsics - C Language Interface manual,
and various toolkit documents. Those manuals, specifications, &
documents may be found in /usr/share/doc or on the X.Org Foundation
website at .
The number of programs that use X is quite large. Sample programs
provided by the X.Org Foundation include: a terminal emulator, xterm; a
window manager, twm; a compositing manager, xcompmgr; a display
manager, xdm; a console redirect program, xconsole; utilities for
managing input and output devices, xinput and xrandr; resource
listing/manipulation tools, appres, editres; access control programs,
xauth, xhost, and iceauth; user preference setting programs, transset,
xrdb, xcmsdb, xset, xsetroot, xstdcmap, and xmodmap; clocks, xclock and
oclock; font display utilities, xfd and xfontsel; utilities for listing
information about displays, extensions, and resources, xdpyinfo,
xdriinfo, xvinfo, xwininfo, xlsclients, xprop, xlsatoms, xlsclients,
and xlsfonts; screen image manipulation utilities, xwd, xwud, and xmag;
a performance measurement utility, x11perf; a font compiler, bdftopcf;
a font server and related utilities, xfs, xfsinfo, fslsfonts, fstobdf;
a display server and related utilities, Xserver, rgb, mkfontdir; a
clipboard manager, xclipboard; keyboard description compiler and
related utilities, xkbcomp, setxkbmap xkbprint, xkbbell, xkbevd,
xkbvleds, and xkbwatch; a utility to terminate clients, xkill; and a
utility to cause part or all of the screen to be redrawn, xrefresh.
Many other utilities, window managers, games, toolkits, etc. are
included as packages in many operating system distributions, or are
available on the Internet. See your site administrator or distro
package manager for details.
STARTING UP
There are two main ways of getting the X server and an initial set of
client applications started. The particular method used depends on
what operating system you are running and whether or not you use other
window systems in addition to X.
Display Manager
If you want to always have X running on your display, your site
administrator can set your machine up to use a Display Manager
such as xdm, gdm, or kdm. This program is typically started by
the system at boot time and takes care of keeping the server
running and getting users logged in. If you are running one of
these display managers, you will normally see a window on the
screen welcoming you to the system and asking for your login
information. Simply type them in as you would at a normal
terminal. If you make a mistake, the display manager will
display an error message and ask you to try again. After you
have successfully logged in, the display manager will start up
your X environment. The documentation for the display manager
you use can provide more details.
xinit (run manually from the shell)
Sites that support more than one window system might choose to
use the xinit program for starting X manually. If this is true
for your machine, your site administrator will probably have
provided a program named "x11", "startx", or "xstart" that will
do site-specific initialization (such as loading convenient
default resources, running a window manager, displaying a
clock, and starting several terminal emulators) in a nice way.
If not, you can build such a script using the xinit program.
This utility simply runs one user-specified program to start
the server, runs another to start up any desired clients, and
then waits for either to finish. Since either or both of the
user-specified programs may be a shell script, this gives
substantial flexibility at the expense of a nice interface.
For this reason, xinit is not intended for end users.
DISPLAY NAMES
From the user's perspective, every X server has a display name of the
form:
hostname:displaynumber.screennumber
or
protocol/hostname:displaynumber.screennumber
This information is used by the application to determine how it should
connect to the server and which screen it should use by default (on
displays with multiple monitors):
protocol
The protocol specifies the protocol to use for communication.
Exactly which protocols are supported is platform dependent,
but most commonly supported ones are:
tcp TCP over IPv4 or IPv6
inet TCP over IPv4 only
inet6 TCP over IPv6 only
unix UNIX Domain Sockets (same host only)
local Platform preferred local connection method
If the protocol is not specified, Xlib uses whatever it
believes is the most efficient transport.
hostname
The hostname specifies the name of the machine to which the
display is physically connected. If the hostname is not given,
a connection to a server on the same machine will be used.
displaynumber
The phrase "display" is usually used to refer to a collection
of monitors that share a common set of input devices (keyboard,
mouse, tablet, etc.). Most workstations tend to only have one
display. Larger, multi-user systems, however, frequently have
several displays so that more than one person can be doing
graphics work at once. To avoid confusion, each display on a
machine is assigned a display number (beginning at 0) when the
X server for that display is started. The display number must
always be given in a display name.
screennumber
Some displays share their input devices among two or more
monitors. These may be configured as a single logical screen,
which allows windows to move across screens, or as individual
screens, each with their own set of windows. If configured
such that each monitor has its own set of windows, each screen
is assigned a screen number (beginning at 0) when the X server
for that display is started. If the screen number is not
given, screen 0 will be used.
On POSIX systems, the default display name is stored in your DISPLAY
environment variable. This variable is set automatically by the xterm
terminal emulator. However, when you log into another machine on a
network, you may need to set DISPLAY by hand to point to your display.
For example,
% setenv DISPLAY myws:0
$ DISPLAY=myws:0; export DISPLAY
The ssh program can be used to start an X program on a remote machine;
it automatically sets the DISPLAY variable correctly.
Finally, most X programs accept a command line option of -display
displayname to temporarily override the contents of DISPLAY. This is
most commonly used to pop windows on another person's screen or as part
of a "remote shell" command to start an xterm pointing back to your
display. For example,
% xeyes -display joesws:0 -geometry 1000x1000+0+0
% rsh big xterm -display myws:0 -ls :/.../
An RGB Device specification is identified by the prefix "rgb:" and has
the following syntax:
rgb://
, , := h | hh | hhh | hhhh
h := single hexadecimal digits
Note that h indicates the value scaled in 4 bits, hh the value scaled
in 8 bits, hhh the value scaled in 12 bits, and hhhh the value scaled
in 16 bits, respectively. These values are passed directly to the X
server, and are assumed to be gamma corrected.
The eight primary colors can be represented as:
black rgb:0/0/0
red rgb:ffff/0/0
green rgb:0/ffff/0
blue rgb:0/0/ffff
yellow rgb:ffff/ffff/0
magenta rgb:ffff/0/ffff
cyan rgb:0/ffff/ffff
white rgb:ffff/ffff/ffff
For backward compatibility, an older syntax for RGB Device is
supported, but its continued use is not encouraged. The syntax is an
initial sharp sign character followed by a numeric specification, in
one of the following formats:
#RGB (4 bits each)
#RRGGBB (8 bits each)
#RRRGGGBBB (12 bits each)
#RRRRGGGGBBBB (16 bits each)
The R, G, and B represent single hexadecimal digits. When fewer than
16 bits each are specified, they represent the most-significant bits of
the value (unlike the "rgb:" syntax, in which values are scaled). For
example, #3a7 is the same as #3000a0007000.
An RGB intensity specification is identified by the prefix "rgbi:" and
has the following syntax:
rgbi://
The red, green, and blue are floating point values between 0.0 and 1.0,
inclusive. They represent linear intensity values, with 1.0 indicating
full intensity, 0.5 half intensity, and so on. These values will be
gamma corrected by Xlib before being sent to the X server. The input
format for these values is an optional sign, a string of numbers
possibly containing a decimal point, and an optional exponent field
containing an E or e followed by a possibly signed integer string.
The standard device-independent string specifications have the
following syntax:
CIEXYZ:// (none, 1, none)
CIEuvY:// (~.6, ~.6, 1)
CIExyY:// (~.75, ~.85, 1)
CIELab:// (100, none, none)
CIELuv:// (100, none, none)
TekHVC:// (360, 100, 100)
All of the values (C, H, V, X, Y, Z, a, b, u, v, y, x) are floating
point values. Some of the values are constrained to be between zero
and some upper bound; the upper bounds are given in parentheses above.
The syntax for these values is an optional '+' or '-' sign, a string of
digits possibly containing a decimal point, and an optional exponent
field consisting of an 'E' or 'e' followed by an optional '+' or '-'
followed by a string of digits.
For more information on device independent color, see the Xlib
reference manual.
KEYBOARDS
The X keyboard model is broken into two layers: server-specific codes
(called keycodes) which represent the physical keys, and server-
independent symbols (called keysyms) which represent the letters or
words that appear on the keys. Two tables are kept in the server for
converting keycodes to keysyms:
modifier list
Some keys (such as Shift, Control, and Caps Lock) are known as
modifier and are used to select different symbols that are
attached to a single key (such as Shift-a generates a capital
A, and Control-l generates a control character ^L). The server
keeps a list of keycodes corresponding to the various modifier
keys. Whenever a key is pressed or released, the server
generates an event that contains the keycode of the indicated
key as well as a mask that specifies which of the modifier keys
are currently pressed. Most servers set up this list to
initially contain the various shift, control, and shift lock
keys on the keyboard.
keymap table
Applications translate event keycodes and modifier masks into
keysyms using a keysym table which contains one row for each
keycode and one column for various modifier states. This table
is initialized by the server to correspond to normal typewriter
conventions. The exact semantics of how the table is
interpreted to produce keysyms depends on the particular
program, libraries, and language input method used, but the
following conventions for the first four keysyms in each row
are generally adhered to:
The first four elements of the list are split into two groups of
keysyms. Group 1 contains the first and second keysyms; Group 2
contains the third and fourth keysyms. Within each group, if the first
element is alphabetic and the the second element is the special keysym
NoSymbol, then the group is treated as equivalent to a group in which
the first element is the lowercase letter and the second element is the
uppercase letter.
Switching between groups is controlled by the keysym named MODE SWITCH,
by attaching that keysym to some key and attaching that key to any one
of the modifiers Mod1 through Mod5. This modifier is called the
``group modifier.'' Group 1 is used when the group modifier is off,
and Group 2 is used when the group modifier is on.
Within a group, the modifier state determines which keysym to use. The
first keysym is used when the Shift and Lock modifiers are off. The
second keysym is used when the Shift modifier is on, when the Lock
modifier is on and the second keysym is uppercase alphabetic, or when
the Lock modifier is on and is interpreted as ShiftLock. Otherwise,
when the Lock modifier is on and is interpreted as CapsLock, the state
of the Shift modifier is applied first to select a keysym; but if that
keysym is lowercase alphabetic, then the corresponding uppercase keysym
is used instead.
OPTIONS
Most X programs attempt to use the same names for command line options
and arguments. All applications written with the X Toolkit Intrinsics
automatically accept the following options:
-display display
This option specifies the name of the X server to use.
-geometry geometry
This option specifies the initial size and location of the
window.
-bg color, -background color
Either option specifies the color to use for the window
background.
-bd color, -bordercolor color
Either option specifies the color to use for the window border.
-bw number, -borderwidth number
Either option specifies the width in pixels of the window
border.
-fg color, -foreground color
Either option specifies the color to use for text or graphics.
-fn font, -font font
Either option specifies the font to use for displaying text.
-iconic
This option indicates that the user would prefer that the
application's windows initially not be visible as if the
windows had be immediately iconified by the user. Window
managers may choose not to honor the application's request.
-name
This option specifies the name under which resources for the
application should be found. This option is useful in shell
aliases to distinguish between invocations of an application,
without resorting to creating links to alter the executable
file name.
-rv, -reverse
Either option indicates that the program should simulate
reverse video if possible, often by swapping the foreground and
background colors. Not all programs honor this or implement it
correctly. It is usually only used on monochrome displays.
+rv
This option indicates that the program should not simulate
reverse video. This is used to override any defaults since
reverse video doesn't always work properly.
-selectionTimeout
This option specifies the timeout in milliseconds within which
two communicating applications must respond to one another for
a selection request.
-synchronous
This option indicates that requests to the X server should be
sent synchronously, instead of asynchronously. Since Xlib
normally buffers requests to the server, errors do not
necessarily get reported immediately after they occur. This
option turns off the buffering so that the application can be
debugged. It should never be used with a working program.
-title string
This option specifies the title to be used for this window.
This information is sometimes used by a window manager to
provide some sort of header identifying the window.
-xnllanguage language[_territory][.codeset]
This option specifies the language, territory, and codeset for
use in resolving resource and other filenames.
-xrm resourcestring
This option specifies a resource name and value to override any
defaults. It is also very useful for setting resources that
don't have explicit command line arguments.
RESOURCES
To make the tailoring of applications to personal preferences easier, X
provides a mechanism for storing default values for program resources
(e.g. background color, window title, etc.) that is used by programs
that use toolkits based on the X Toolkit Intrinsics library libXt.
(Programs using the common Gtk+ and Qt toolkits use other configuration
mechanisms.) Resources are specified as strings that are read in from
various places when an application is run. Program components are
named in a hierarchical fashion, with each node in the hierarchy
identified by a class and an instance name. At the top level is the
class and instance name of the application itself. By convention, the
class name of the application is the same as the program name, but with
the first letter capitalized (e.g. Bitmap or Emacs) although some
programs that begin with the letter ``x'' also capitalize the second
letter for historical reasons.
The precise syntax for resources is:
ResourceLine = Comment | IncludeFile | ResourceSpec |
Comment = "!" {}
IncludeFile = "#" WhiteSpace "include" WhiteSpace FileName WhiteSpace
FileName =
ResourceSpec = WhiteSpace ResourceName WhiteSpace ":" WhiteSpace Value
ResourceName = [Binding] {Component Binding} ComponentName
Binding = "." | "*"
WhiteSpace = { | }
Component = "?" | ComponentName
ComponentName = NameChar {NameChar}
NameChar = "a"-"z" | "A"-"Z" | "0"-"9" | "_" | "-"
Value = {}
Elements separated by vertical bar (|) are alternatives. Curly braces
({...}) indicate zero or more repetitions of the enclosed elements.
Square brackets ([...]) indicate that the enclosed element is optional.
Quotes ("...") are used around literal characters.
IncludeFile lines are interpreted by replacing the line with the
contents of the specified file. The word "include" must be in
lowercase. The filename is interpreted relative to the directory of
the file in which the line occurs (for example, if the filename
contains no directory or contains a relative directory specification).
If a ResourceName contains a contiguous sequence of two or more Binding
characters, the sequence will be replaced with single "." character if
the sequence contains only "." characters, otherwise the sequence will
be replaced with a single "*" character.
A resource database never contains more than one entry for a given
ResourceName. If a resource file contains multiple lines with the same
ResourceName, the last line in the file is used.
Any whitespace character before or after the name or colon in a
ResourceSpec are ignored. To allow a Value to begin with whitespace,
the two-character sequence ``\space'' (backslash followed by space) is
recognized and replaced by a space character, and the two-character
sequence ``\tab'' (backslash followed by horizontal tab) is recognized
and replaced by a horizontal tab character. To allow a Value to
contain embedded newline characters, the two-character sequence ``\n''
is recognized and replaced by a newline character. To allow a Value to
be broken across multiple lines in a text file, the two-character
sequence ``\newline'' (backslash followed by newline) is recognized and
removed from the value. To allow a Value to contain arbitrary
character codes, the four-character sequence ``\nnn'', where each n is
a digit character in the range of ``0''-``7'', is recognized and
replaced with a single byte that contains the octal value specified by
the sequence. Finally, the two-character sequence ``\\'' is recognized
and replaced with a single backslash.
When an application looks for the value of a resource, it specifies a
complete path in the hierarchy, with both class and instance names.
However, resource values are usually given with only partially
specified names and classes, using pattern matching constructs. An
asterisk (*) is a loose binding and is used to represent any number of
intervening components, including none. A period (.) is a tight
binding and is used to separate immediately adjacent components. A
question mark (?) is used to match any single component name or class.
A database entry cannot end in a loose binding; the final component
(which cannot be "?") must be specified. The lookup algorithm searches
the resource database for the entry that most closely matches (is most
specific for) the full name and class being queried. When more than
one database entry matches the full name and class, precedence rules
are used to select just one.
The full name and class are scanned from left to right (from highest
level in the hierarchy to lowest), one component at a time. At each
level, the corresponding component and/or binding of each matching
entry is determined, and these matching components and bindings are
compared according to precedence rules. Each of the rules is applied
at each level, before moving to the next level, until a rule selects a
single entry over all others. The rules (in order of precedence) are:
1. An entry that contains a matching component (whether name, class,
or "?") takes precedence over entries that elide the level (that
is, entries that match the level in a loose binding).
2. An entry with a matching name takes precedence over both entries
with a matching class and entries that match using "?". An entry
with a matching class takes precedence over entries that match
using "?".
3. An entry preceded by a tight binding takes precedence over entries
preceded by a loose binding.
Programs based on the X Toolkit Intrinsics obtain resources from the
following sources (other programs usually support some subset of these
sources):
RESOURCE_MANAGER root window property
Any global resources that should be available to clients on all
machines should be stored in the RESOURCE_MANAGER property on
the root window of the first screen using the xrdb program.
This is frequently taken care of when the user starts up X
through the display manager or xinit.
SCREEN_RESOURCES root window property
Any resources specific to a given screen (e.g. colors) that
should be available to clients on all machines should be stored
in the SCREEN_RESOURCES property on the root window of that
screen. The xrdb program will sort resources automatically and
place them in RESOURCE_MANAGER or SCREEN_RESOURCES, as
appropriate.
application-specific files
Directories named by the environment variable
XUSERFILESEARCHPATH or the environment variable XAPPLRESDIR
(which names a single directory and should end with a '/' on
POSIX systems), plus directories in a standard place (usually
under /usr/share/X11/, but this can be overridden with the
XFILESEARCHPATH environment variable) are searched for for
application-specific resources. For example, application
default resources are usually kept in /usr/share/X11/app-
defaults/. See the X Toolkit Intrinsics - C Language Interface
manual for details.
XENVIRONMENT
Any user- and machine-specific resources may be specified by
setting the XENVIRONMENT environment variable to the name of a
resource file to be loaded by all applications. If this
variable is not defined, a file named $HOME/.Xdefaults-hostname
is looked for instead, where hostname is the name of the host
where the application is executing.
-xrm resourcestring
Resources can also be specified from the command line. The
resourcestring is a single resource name and value as shown
above. Note that if the string contains characters interpreted
by the shell (e.g., asterisk), they must be quoted. Any number
of -xrm arguments may be given on the command line.
Program resources are organized into groups called classes, so that
collections of individual resources (each of which are called
instances) can be set all at once. By convention, the instance name of
a resource begins with a lowercase letter and class name with an upper
case letter. Multiple word resources are concatenated with the first
letter of the succeeding words capitalized. Applications written with
the X Toolkit Intrinsics will have at least the following resources:
background (class Background)
This resource specifies the color to use for the window
background.
borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
This resource specifies the width in pixels of the window
border.
borderColor (class BorderColor)
This resource specifies the color to use for the window border.
Most applications using the X Toolkit Intrinsics also have the resource
foreground (class Foreground), specifying the color to use for text and
graphics within the window.
By combining class and instance specifications, application preferences
can be set quickly and easily. Users of color displays will frequently
want to set Background and Foreground classes to particular defaults.
Specific color instances such as text cursors can then be overridden
without having to define all of the related resources. For example,
bitmap*Dashed: off
XTerm*cursorColor: gold
XTerm*multiScroll: on
XTerm*jumpScroll: on
XTerm*reverseWrap: on
XTerm*curses: on
XTerm*Font: 6x10
XTerm*scrollBar: on
XTerm*scrollbar*thickness: 5
XTerm*multiClickTime: 500
XTerm*charClass: 33:48,37:48,45-47:48,64:48
XTerm*cutNewline: off
XTerm*cutToBeginningOfLine: off
XTerm*titeInhibit: on
XTerm*ttyModes: intr ^c erase ^? kill ^u
XLoad*Background: gold
XLoad*Foreground: red
XLoad*highlight: black
XLoad*borderWidth: 0
emacs*Geometry: 80x65-0-0
emacs*Background: rgb:5b/76/86
emacs*Foreground: white
emacs*Cursor: white
emacs*BorderColor: white
emacs*Font: 6x10
xmag*geometry: -0-0
xmag*borderColor: white
If these resources were stored in a file called .Xresources in your
home directory, they could be added to any existing resources in the
server with the following command:
% xrdb -merge $HOME/.Xresources
This is frequently how user-friendly startup scripts merge user-
specific defaults into any site-wide defaults. All sites are
encouraged to set up convenient ways of automatically loading
resources. See the Xlib manual section Resource Manager Functions for
more information.
ENVIRONMENT
DISPLAY
This is the only mandatory environment variable. It must point
to an X server. See section "Display Names" above.
XAUTHORITY
This must point to a file that contains authorization data. The
default is $HOME/.Xauthority. See Xsecurity(7), xauth(1),
xdm(1), Xau(3).
ICEAUTHORITY
This must point to a file that contains authorization data. The
default is $HOME/.ICEauthority.
LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LANG
The first non-empty value among these three determines the
current locale's facet for character handling, and in particular
the default text encoding. See locale(7), setlocale(3),
locale(1).
XMODIFIERS
This variable can be set to contain additional information
important for the current locale setting. Typically set to
@im= to enable a particular input method. See
XSetLocaleModifiers(3).
XLOCALEDIR
This must point to a directory containing the locale.alias file
and Compose and XLC_LOCALE file hierarchies for all locales. The
default value is /usr/share/X11/locale.
XENVIRONMENT
This must point to a file containing X resources. The default is
$HOME/.Xdefaults-. Unlike $HOME/.Xresources, it is
consulted each time an X application starts.
XFILESEARCHPATH
This must contain a colon separated list of path templates,
where libXt will search for resource files. The default value
consists of
/usr/etc/X11/%L/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/etc/X11/%l/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/etc/X11/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/etc/X11/%L/%T/%N%S:\
/usr/etc/X11/%l/%T/%N%S:\
/usr/etc/X11/%T/%N%S:\
/usr/share/X11/%L/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/share/X11/%l/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/share/X11/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/share/X11/%L/%T/%N%S:\
/usr/share/X11/%l/%T/%N%S:\
/usr/share/X11/%T/%N%S:\
/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/lib/X11/%l/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C%S:\
/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%S:\
/usr/lib/X11/%l/%T/%N%S:\
/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%S
A path template is transformed to a pathname by substituting:
%D => the implementation-specific default path
%N => name (basename) being searched for
%T => type (dirname) being searched for
%S => suffix being searched for
%C => value of the resource "customization"
(class "Customization")
%L => the locale name
%l => the locale's language (part before '_')
%t => the locale's territory (part after '_` but before '.')
%c => the locale's encoding (part after '.')
XUSERFILESEARCHPATH
This must contain a colon separated list of path templates,
where libXt will search for user dependent resource files. The
default value is:
$XAPPLRESDIR/%L/%N%C:\
$XAPPLRESDIR/%l/%N%C:\
$XAPPLRESDIR/%N%C:\
$HOME/%N%C:\
$XAPPLRESDIR/%L/%N:\
$XAPPLRESDIR/%l/%N:\
$XAPPLRESDIR/%N:\
$HOME/%N
$XAPPLRESDIR defaults to $HOME, see below.
A path template is transformed to a pathname by substituting:
%D => the implementation-specific default path
%N => name (basename) being searched for
%T => type (dirname) being searched for
%S => suffix being searched for
%C => value of the resource "customization"
(class "Customization")
%L => the locale name
%l => the locale's language (part before '_')
%t => the locale's territory (part after '_` but before '.')
%c => the locale's encoding (part after '.')
XAPPLRESDIR
This must point to a base directory where the user stores the
application dependent resource files. The default value is
$HOME. Only used if XUSERFILESEARCHPATH is not set.
XKEYSYMDB
This must point to a file containing nonstandard keysym
definitions. The default value is /usr/share/X11/XKeysymDB.
XCMSDB This must point to a color name database file. The default value
is /usr/lib/X11/Xcms.txt.
RESOURCE_NAME
This serves as main identifier for resources belonging to the
program being executed. It defaults to the basename of pathname
of the program.
SESSION_MANAGER
Denotes the session manager to which the application should
connect. See xsm(1), rstart(1).
XF86BIGFONT_DISABLE
Setting this variable to a non-empty value disables the
XFree86-Bigfont extension. This extension is a mechanism to
reduce the memory consumption of big fonts by use of shared
memory.
XKB_FORCE
XKB_DISABLE
XKB_DEBUG
_XKB_CHARSET
_XKB_LOCALE_CHARSETS
_XKB_OPTIONS_ENABLE
_XKB_LATIN1_LOOKUP
_XKB_CONSUME_LOOKUP_MODS
_XKB_CONSUME_SHIFT_AND_LOCK
_XKB_IGNORE_NEW_KEYBOARDS
_XKB_CONTROL_FALLBACK
_XKB_COMP_LED _XKB_COMP_FAIL_BEEP
These variables influence the X Keyboard Extension.
EXAMPLES
The following is a collection of sample command lines for some of the
more frequently used commands. For more information on a particular
command, please refer to that command's manual page.
% xrdb $HOME/.Xresources
% xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete"
% mkfontdir /usr/local/lib/X11/otherfonts
% xset fp+ /usr/local/lib/X11/otherfonts
% xmodmap $HOME/.keymap.km
% xsetroot -solid 'rgbi:.8/.8/.8'
% xset b 100 400 c 50 s 1800 r on
% xset q
% twm
% xmag
% xclock -geometry 48x48-0+0 -bg blue -fg white
% xeyes -geometry 48x48-48+0
% xbiff -update 20
% xlsfonts '*helvetica*'
% xwininfo -root
% xdpyinfo -display joesworkstation:0
% xhost -joesworkstation
% xrefresh
% xwd | xwud
% bitmap companylogo.bm 32x32
% xcalc -bg blue -fg magenta
% xterm -geometry 80x66-0-0 -name myxterm $*
DIAGNOSTICS
A wide variety of error messages are generated from various programs.
The default error handler in Xlib (also used by many toolkits) uses
standard resources to construct diagnostic messages when errors occur.
The defaults for these messages are usually stored in
/usr/share/X11/XErrorDB. If this file is not present, error messages
will be rather terse and cryptic.
When the X Toolkit Intrinsics encounter errors converting resource
strings to the appropriate internal format, no error messages are
usually printed. This is convenient when it is desirable to have one
set of resources across a variety of displays (e.g. color vs.
monochrome, lots of fonts vs. very few, etc.), although it can pose
problems for trying to determine why an application might be failing.
This behavior can be overridden by the setting the
StringConversionWarnings resource.
To force the X Toolkit Intrinsics to always print string conversion
error messages, the following resource should be placed in the file
that gets loaded onto the RESOURCE_MANAGER property using the xrdb
program (frequently called .Xresources or .Xres in the user's home
directory):
*StringConversionWarnings: on
To have conversion messages printed for just a particular application,
the appropriate instance name can be placed before the asterisk:
xterm*StringConversionWarnings: on
SEE ALSO
XOrgFoundation(7), XStandards(7), Xsecurity(7), appres(1), bdftopcf(1),
bitmap(1), editres(1), fslsfonts(1), fstobdf(1), iceauth(1),
mkfontdir(1), mkfontscale(1), oclock(1), rgb(1), resize(1), smproxy(1),
transset(1), twm(1), x11perf(1), x11perfcomp(1), xauth(1),
xclipboard(1), xclock(1), xcmsdb(1), xcompmgr(1), xconsole(1), xdm(1),
xdpyinfo(1), xdriinfo(1), xev(1), xfd(1), xfontsel(1), xfs(1),
xfsinfo(1), xhost(1), xinit(1), xkbbell(1), xkbcomp(1), xkbevd(1),
xkbprint(1), xkbvleds(1), xkbwatch(1), xkill(1), xlogo(1), xlsatoms(1),
xlsclients(1), xlsfonts(1), xmag(1), xmodmap(1), xprop(1), xrandr(1),
xrdb(1), xrefresh(1), xrestop(1), xscope(1), xset(1), xsetroot(1),
xsm(1), xstdcmap(1), xterm(1), xvinfo(1), xwd(1), xwininfo(1), xwud(1).
Xserver(1), Xorg(1), Xdmx(1), Xephyr(1), Xnest(1), Xquartz(1), Xvfb(1),
Xvnc(1), XWin(1).
Xlib - C Language X Interface, and X Toolkit Intrinsics - C Language
Interface
Those specifications, and additional specifications & documentation for
the X Window System may also be found in /usr/share/doc or on the X.Org
Foundation website at .
TRADEMARKS
X Window System is a trademark of The Open Group.
AUTHORS
A cast of thousands, literally. Releases 6.7 and later are brought to
you by the X.Org Foundation. The names of all people who made it a
reality will be found in the individual documents and source files.
Releases 6.6 and 6.5 were done by The X.Org Group. Release 6.4 was
done by The X Project Team. The Release 6.3 distribution was from The
X Consortium, Inc. The staff members at the X Consortium responsible
for that release were: Donna Converse (emeritus), Stephen Gildea
(emeritus), Kaleb Keithley, Matt Landau (emeritus), Ralph Mor
(emeritus), Janet O'Halloran, Bob Scheifler, Ralph Swick, Dave Wiggins
(emeritus), and Reed Augliere.
The X Window System standard was originally developed at the Laboratory
for Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and
all rights thereto were assigned to the X Consortium on January 1,
1994. X Consortium, Inc. closed its doors on December 31, 1996. All
rights to the X Window System have been assigned to The Open Group.
X Version 11 xorg-docs 1.7.3 X(7)